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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to category of cardiovascular health metrics

From: Ideal cardiovascular health metrics and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Korean adults

Characteristic

Total sample

Cardiovascular health metrics

P-valuea)

Poor

Intermediate

Ideal

Age (yr)

51.8 ± 9.3

51.4 ± 9.5

52.3 ± 9.1

50.2 ± 9.8

 < 0.001

Sex

    

 < 0.001

 Male

851 (29.1)

253 (51.2)

507 (26.4)

91 (17.7)

 

 Female

2,077 (70.9)

241 (48.8)

1,413 (73.6)

423 (82.3)

 

Systolic BP (mmHg)

117.9 ± 14.9

128.9 ± 15.5

117.4 ± 14.0

108.9 ± 10.4

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

75.5 ± 9.7

82.5 ± 10.4

75.2 ± 9.1

70.2 ± 7.4

 < 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

23.7 ± 3.0

26.5 ± 2.9

23.6 ± 2.8

21.5 ± 1.7

 < 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

88.0 [82–95]

101.0 [86–108]

88.0 [82–94]

85.0 [80–90]

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

2.1 ± 1.1

2.9 ± 1.6

2.0 ± 0.9

1.6 ± 0.6

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

199.5 ± 35.5

211.2 ± 41.4

200.1 ± 34.8

186.4 ± 26.9

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

57.8 ± 14.5

52.4 ± 12.4

58.3 ± 14.6

61.2 ± 14.5

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

104.0 [75–146]

138.5 [102–197]

102.5 [75–143]

84.0 [62–112]

 < 0.001

Total energy intakes (kcal/day)

2,148.0 ± 758.2

2,359.4 ± 810.2

2,137.9 ± 747.8

1,982.5 ± 697.7

 < 0.001

Current smoker

272 (9.3)

147 (29.8)

122 (6.4)

3 (0.6)

 < 0.001

Alcohol intakeb)

369 (12.6)

112 (22.7)

218 (11.4)

39 (7.6)

 < 0.001

High educationc)

1,395 (47.6)

225 (45.6)

910 (47.4)

260 (50.6)

0.084

High incomed)

1,663 (56.8)

265 (53.6)

1,098 (57.2)

300 (58.4)

0.268

Hypertension

711 (24.3)

250 (50.6)

439 (22.9)

22 (4.3)

 < 0.001

Diabetes

254 (8.7)

125 (25.3)

124 (6.5)

5 (1.0)

 < 0.001

ALT (U/L)

24.8 ± 17.2

33.8 ± 25.4

23.6 ± 13.4

20.7 ± 16.9

 < 0.001

γ-GTP (U/L)

19 [14–29]

29 [19–47]

19 [14–28]

15 [12–20]

 < 0.001

NAFLD by FLI

877 (30.0)

344 (69.6)

512 (26.7)

21 (4.1)

 < 0.001

NAFLD by LSR

473 (16.2)

187 (37.9)

261 (13.6)

25 (4.9)

 < 0.001

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or number (%)
  2. BP Blood pressure, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, NAFLD Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, FLI Fatty liver index, LSR Liver-to-spleen ratio
  3. a)The P-values were calculated through analysis of variance, or Kruskal–Wallis test, or chi-square test where appropriate
  4. b) ≥ 10 g of alcohol per day
  5. c)College graduate or above
  6. d)Annual household income ≥ 50,800$
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Clinical Hypertension

ISSN: 2056-5909

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