| Overall (n = 981) | Normotensive (n = 221) | Untreated hypertensive (n = 359) | Treated hypertensive (n = 401) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.87 ± 14.02 | 53.3 ± 14.3ab | 50.2 ± 14.0a | 57.5 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 |
Female (%) | 462 (47.1) | 111 (50.2) | 159 (44.3) | 192 (47.9) | 0.349 |
Regular physical activity (%) | 353 (36.0) | 77 (34.8) | 132 (36.8) | 144 (35.9) | 0.895 |
Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 24.68 ± 3.30 | 24.0 ± 3.0ab | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 0.001 |
 Obesity (%)c | 412 (42.0) | 75 (33.9) | 156 (43.5) | 181 (45.1) | 0.02 |
Current smoking (%) | 152 (15.5) | 30 (13.6) | 69 (19.2) | 53 (13.2) | 0.049 |
Alcohol drinking (%) | 382 (38.9) | 80 (36.2) | 152 (42.3) | 150 (37.4) | 0.242 |
Comorbidities (%) | |||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 199 (20.3) | 29 (13.1) | 54 (15.0) | 116 (28.9) | < 0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 320 (32.6) | 43 (19.5) | 76 (21.2) | 201 (50.1) | < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular diseasesd | 120 (12.2) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (3.1) | 109 (27.2) | < 0.001 |
 Myocardial infarction | 25 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 24 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
 Coronary artery disease | 90 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.1) | 86 (21.4) | < 0.001 |
 Stroke | 27 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.7) | 21 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory tests | |||||
 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 105.43 ± 25.51 | 104.62 ± 26.0 | 102.89 ± 21.86a | 108.03 ± 28.00 | 0.019 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.75 ± 42.65 | 189.77 ± 42.38 | 196.83 ± 41.07a | 183.39 ± 43.28 | < 0.001 |
 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 83.85 ± 20.91 | 86.83 ± 17.91a | 88.98 ± 20.42a | 77.61 ± 21.32 | < 0.001 |
  eGFR < 60 (%) | 83 ± 8.5 | 14 (6.3) | 12 (3.3) | 57 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
Office BP | |||||
 Office SBP (mmHg) | 141.67 ± 21.51 | 122.48 ± 11.75ab | 149.19 ± 18.83a | 145.51 ± 21.71 | < 0.001 |
 Office DBP (mmHg) | 88.59 ± 14.95 | 76.43 ± 8.62ab | 94.16 ± 13.32a | 90.30 ± 15.35 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 76.38 ± 13.91 | 74.23 ± 12.74b | 78.21 ± 14.93a | 75.74 ± 13.31 | 0.003 |
Ambulatory BP monitoring | |||||
 24-h mean SBP (mmHg) | 133.56 ± 15.44 | 125.46 ± 13.09ab | 136.99 ± 14.76 | 134.95 ± 15.69 | < 0.001 |
 24-h mean DBP (mmHg) | 83.67 ± 10.87 | 78.57 ± 9.41ab | 87.39 ± 11.19a | 83.15 ± 10.09 | < 0.001 |
 Daytime mean SBP (mmHg) | 137.37 ± 15.81 | 128.56 ± 13.55ab | 141.00 ± 15.03 | 138.98 ± 15.87 | < 0.001 |
 Daytime mean DBP (mmHg) | 86.49 ± 11.49 | 80.91 ± 10.00ab | 90.52 ± 11.86a | 85.96 ± 10.52 | < 0.001 |
 Nighttime mean SBP (mmHg) | 125.62 ± 17.35 | 119.07 ± 14.58ab | 128.56 ± 16.51 | 126.60 ± 18.56 | < 0.001 |
 Nighttime mean DBP (mmHg) | 77.79 ± 11.31 | 73.88 ± 9.75ab | 80.83 ± 11.46a | 77.24 ± 11.24 | < 0.001 |
 Nighttime SBP dipping (%) | 8.46 ± 7.89 | 7.24 ± 7.60a | 8.75 ± 7.32 | 8.86 ± 8.47 | 0.034 |
 Nocturnal dipping pattern (%) | |||||
  Extreme dipper | 63 (6.4) | 5 (2.3) | 20 (5.6) | 38 (9.5) | 0.001 |
  Dipper | 349 (35.6) | 72 (32.6) | 130 (36.2) | 147 (36.7) | 0.567 |
  Non-dipper | 433 (44.1) | 108 (48.9) | 170 (47.4) | 155 (38.7) | 0.015 |
  Reverse dipper | 136 (13.9) | 36 (16.3) | 39 (10.9) | 61 (15.2) | 0.11 |
Sleep duration (min) | 431.99 ± 107.61 | 436.62 ± 93.03 | 433.09 ± 96.84 | 428.46 ± 123.27 | 0.646 |
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.899 |
 4 (very good) (%) | 237 (24.2) | 57 (25.8) | 80 (22.3) | 100 (24.9) |  |
 3 (good) (%) | 298 (30.4) | 64 (29.0) | 109 (30.4) | 125 (31.2) |  |
 2 (bad) (%) | 294 (30.0) | 63 (28.5) | 115 (32.0) | 116 (28.9) |  |
 1 (very bad) (%) | 152 (15.5) | 37 (16.7) | 55 (15.3) | 60 (15.0) |  |