Table 1 General characteristics of study population
From: Coffee intake and hypertension in Korean adults: results from KNHANES 2012–2016
Characteristic | Total study population (n = 12,133) | After propensity-score matching (n = 5,172) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No hypertension (n = 9,774) | Hypertension (n = 2,359) | P-value | No hypertension (n = 4,004) | Hypertension (n = 1,168) | Standardized mean differences | |
Age (yrs) | 38 (37–38) | 49 (48–49) | < 0.001 | 41 (40–41) | 48 (48–49) | 0.01 |
Sex | < 0.001 | –0.01 | ||||
Man | 3,900 (40) | 1,403 (59) | 2,146 (54) | 841 (72) | ||
Woman | 5,874 (60) | 956 (41) | 1,858 (46) | 327 (28) | ||
Education level | < 0.001 | –0.02 | ||||
≤High school graduate | 1,075 (11) | 727 (30) | 466 (12) | 310 (27) | ||
≥College graduate | 8,699 (89) | 1,632 (70) | 3,538 (88) | 858 (73) | ||
Income (10,000 KRW/mo) | 0.150 | –0.02 | ||||
< 100 | 2,131 (22) | 580 (25) | 888 (22) | 272 (23) | ||
≥ 100–<200 | 2,469 (25) | 581 (24) | 1,025 (25) | 287 (25) | ||
≥ 200–<300 | 2,510 (26) | 611 (26) | 1,030 (25) | 319 (27) | ||
≥ 300 | 2,664 (27) | 587 (25) | 1,061 (25) | 290 (25) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
Low | 513 (5) | 16 (1) | 167 (4) | 7 (1) | ||
Normal | 6,706 (69) | 1,061 (45) | 2,634 (66) | 491 (42) | ||
Overweight | 2,555 (26) | 1,282 (54) | 1,203 (30) | 670 (57) | ||
Current smoker | < 0.001 | –0.01 | ||||
No | 7,705 (78) | 1,720 (73) | 2,551 (64) | 681 (58) | ||
Yes | 2,069 (22) | 639 (27) | 1,453 (36) | 487 (42) | ||
Heavy drinking | < 0.001 | 0.02 | ||||
No | 8,535 (87) | 1,824 (77) | 3,387 (85) | 839 (72) | ||
Yes | 1,239 (13) | 535 (23) | 617 (15) | 329 (28) | ||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,201 (2,175–2,226) | 2,328 (2,276–2,381) | < 0.001 | 2,349 (2,309–2,388) | 2,398 (2,398–2,561) | 0.07 |
Diabetes mellitus | < 0.001 | –0.03 | ||||
No | 9350 (96) | 1,965 (83) | 3,810 (95) | 1,006 (86) | ||
Yes | 424 (4) | 394 (17) | 194 (5) | 162 (14) | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | < 0.001 | –0.01 | ||||
No | 8,762 (90) | 1,741 (74) | 3,505 (86) | 881 (75) | ||
Yes | 1012 (10) | 618 (26) | 499 (14) | 287 (25) | ||
Area of residence | 0.270 | –0.01 | ||||
Metropolitan | 6,313 (65) | 1,470 (62) | 2,483 (62) | 714 (61) | ||
Non-metropolitan | 3,461 (35) | 889 (38) | 1,521 (38) | 454 (39) | ||