Table 1 Characteristic of study participants

Age (yr)

54.3 ± 13.4

51.2 ± 12.9

0.971

< 0.001

-

-

Weight (kg)

71.3 ± 10.9

58.4 ± 8.9

0.067

< 0.001

0.071

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

87.2 ± 8.3

79.3 ± 9.1

0.105

< 0.001

0.107

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 3.1

23.5 ± 3.4

0.041

0.001

0.082

< 0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

104.8 ± 24.2

98.1 ± 21.1

0.149

< 0.001

0.092

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.82 ± 0.85

5.68 ± 0.72

0.209

< 0.001

0.078

< 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

192.7 ± 36.3

195.3 ± 36.2

0.053

< 0.001

0.081

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

46.9 ± 11.1

54.5 ± 12.3

0.082

< 0.001

0.077

< 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

116.6 ± 32.2

118.5 ± 32.1

0.056

< 0.001

0.076

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

163.3 ± 131.1

114.7 ± 75.4

0.063

< 0.001

0.099

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

121.6 ± 14.8

116.9 ± 17.2

0.205

< 0.001

0.086

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

78.3 ± 9.9

74.3 ± 9.4

0.075

< 0.001

0.112

< 0.001

Total energy intake (kcal)

2,364.7 ± 931.8

1,713.5 ± 677.6

0.245

< 0.001

0.221

< 0.001

Fat intake (g)

50.3 ± 36.8

37.5 ± 26.4

0.423

< 0.001

0.335

< 0.001

Protein intake (g)

84.3 ± 42.9

61.2 ± 30.4

0.315

< 0.001

0.279

< 0.001

Carbohydrate intake (g)

346.4 ± 128.0

274.3 ± 113.2

0.241

< 0.001

0.246

< 0.001

Sodium intake (mg)

4,322.7 ± 2,504.9

3,073.5 ± 1,919.5

0.299

< 0.001

0.276

< 0.001

Fiber intake (g)

29.0 ± 14.4

24.9 ± 14.3

0.356

< 0.001

0.346

< 0.001

Total CVH score

3.2 ± 1.4

4.0 ± 1.5

0.138

< 0.001

0.122

< 0.001