Table 3 Qualitative synthesis of clinical trials from breathing training included in the systematic review
Author, year | Sample | Interventions (F.I.T.T) | BP at baseline | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
McCaffrey et al., 2005 [29] | EXP: 10♂ 17♀; 56.7 yrs CTL: 9♂ 18♀; 56.2 yrs | F: 3 days/wk for 8 wks I: unloading breathing I: 63 min T: Yoga | SBP 161 ± 10; DBP 98 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP; ↓DBP; ↓HR; ↓BMI |
Wolff et al. 2013 [30] | EXP: 8♂ 20♀; 64 ± 10.3 yrs CTL: 11♂ 16♀; 60.8 ± 11 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 12wks I: unloading breathing T: 15 min/day T: Yoga | SBP 144 ± 14; DBP 88 ± 6 mmHg |  ↔ SBP; ↓DBP |
Wolff et al., 2016 [31] | EXP: 44♂ 52♀; 64.7 ± 9.2 yrs CTL: 48♂ 47♀; 64.8 ± 7.6 yrs | F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 12wks I: unloading breathing T:15 min T: Yoga | SBP 149 ± 12; DBP 88 ± 6 mmHg |  ↔ SBP; ↔ DBP; Improved self-rated QOL; PSS and HADS |
Sujatha and Judie 2014 [32] | EXP: 55♂ 63♀; 30–60 yrs CTL: 55♂ 65♀; 30–60 yrs | F: 5 days/wk for 12wks I: unloading breathing T: 30–45 min T: Hatha Yoga | SBP 153 ± 12; DBP 95 ± 7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓BMI ↓Level of stress and anxiety |
Schein et al. 2001 [33] | EXP: 18♂ 14♀; 57.8 ± 9.4 yrs CTL: 13♂ 20♀; 56.5 ± 8 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Device-guided breathing | SBP 157 ± 14; DBP 97 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
Viskoper et al. 2003 [34] | EXP: 10♂ 7♀; 66.5 ± 7.6 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing | SBP 155 ± 10; DBP 89 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR |
Logtenberg et al. 2007 [35] | EXP:3♂ 12♀; 62.7 ± 6 yrs CTL: 10♂ 5♀; 61.0 ± 7.5 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Device-guided breathing | SBP: 154 ± 8; DBP 83 ± 6.7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
Anderson et al., 2010 [36] | EXP: 12♂ 8♀; 53.4 ± 2.8 yrs CTL: 9♂ 11♀; 52.9 ± 2.8 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 4 wks I: < 10 breaths/min, and often ≤ 6 breaths/min T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing | SBP 142 ± 3; DBP 88 ± 2 mmHg | ↓MBP; ↓Breathing rate; ↑Tidal volume; ↓PetCO2; ↓24-h BP |
Meles, 2004 [18] | EXP:25♂ 19♀; 57 ± 9 yrs CTL: 15♂ 11♀; 49 ± 12 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing | SBP 137 ± 12; DBP 83 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR |
Rosenthal et al., 2001 [37] | EXP: 7♂ 6♀; 50.5 ± 13.9 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Lowest breathing rate for each user T: 15 min T: Slow breathing training | SBP 146 ± 15; DBP 85 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP; ↓DBP |
Elliot et al. 2004 [38] | EXP: 89♀♂;59.5 ± 9.6 yrs CTL: 60♀♂; 58.7 ± 10.5 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Slow breathing training | SBP 150 ± 8; DBP 85 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and ↔ DBP |
Schein et al. 2009 [39] | EXP: 20♂ 13♀; 62 ± 9 yrs CTL: 21♂ 12♀; 63 ± 8 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min/day T: Slow breathing training | SBP 148 ± 11; DBP 81 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
Grossman et al. 2001 [40] | EXP: 13 ♂ 5♀; 52 ± 12 yrs CTL: 10♂ 5♀; 50 ± 4 yrs | F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Slow breathing training | SBP 160 ± 18; DBP 95 ± 7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
Ublosakka-Jones et al., 2018 [41] | EXP: 8♂ 8♀; 66.4 ± 4.2 yrs CTL: 8♂ 8♀; 68.2 ± 4.8 yrs | F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: 25% MIP and 50% HRR; T: 6 breaths/min for 5 min/session; 60 breaths/day T: Slow breathing training | SBP 141 ± 7; DBP 70 ± 3 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP;↓PP; ↓HR bpm; ↑MIP; ↑SVC; ↑IC; ↑CE; ↑AE |
Jones et al., 2015 [42] | EXP Loaded: 10♂♀; 51.4 ± 5.3yrs EXP No Load: 10♂♀; 53.4 ± 4.3yrs CTL: 10♂♀; 50.4 ± 5.4 yrs | F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: IRL of 20 cmH2O I: 30 min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: Unloading breathing I: 30 min T: Slow breathing training | IRL group: SBP 137 ± 13; DBP 81 ± 8 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 136 ± 13; DBP 80 ± 6 mmHg | IRL group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓MBP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓MBP |
Jones et al., 2010 [43] | EXP Loaded: 4♂ 6♀; 51 ± 5 yrs EXP No Load: 4♂ 6♀; 53 ± 4yrs CTL: 3♂ 7♀; 50 ± 5 yrs | F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: IRL of 20 cmH2O T: 30 min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: Unloading breathing T: 30 min T: Slow breathing training | IRL group: SBP 142 ± 8.9; DBP 87 ± 5.2 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 141 ± 5.9; DBP 85 ± 4.4 mmHg | IRL group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓PP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓PP |
Sangthong et al., 2016 [44] | EXP Load: 4♂ 6♀; 60–70 yrs; EXP No Load: 1♂ 9♀; 60–79 yrs CTL: 3♂ 6♀; 60–74 yrs | F: 7 days/wk; 30 min/day for 8 wks I: IRL of 18 cmH2O T: 6 breaths/min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 30 min/day for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 6 breaths/min T: Slow breathing training | IRL group: SBP 144 ± 8.7; DBP 81 ± 6.7 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 141 ± 11.1; DBP 81 ± 6.2 mmHg | IRL group: ↓SBP; ↔ DBP; ↔ HR; ↓PP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP; ↔ DBP; ↔ HR; ↓PP |