Table 2 Characteristics of the study participants

Age (years)^a

45.9 ± 14.5

61.7 ± 11.7

 Male

24 (18.2)

77 (58.3)

 Female

108 (81.8)

55 (41.7)

 Family history of CKD

1 (0.8)

15 (11.4)

 BMI (Kg/m2)

32.2 ± 9.4

35.3 ± 15.8

 SBP (mmHg)

142.4 ± 22.6

167.2 ± 29.5

 DBP (mmHg)

87.6 ± 13.4

97.4 ± 21.6

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^a

5.0 ± 1.1

4.5 ± 1.3

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)^a

1.39 ± 0.67

1.45 ± 0.71

 HDL-C (mmol/L)^a

1.62 ± 0.30

1.40 ± 0.46

 LDL-C (mmol/L)^a

2.73 ± 0.99

2.45 ± 1.15

 Glucose (mmol/L)^a

5.6 ± 1.21

5.5 ± 1.3

 Urea (mg/dl)^a

4.0 ± 1.1

19.0 ± 8.72

 Creatinine (mg/dl)^b

71.0 ± 13.0

889.1 ± 533.76

 Urinary protein (mg/dl)^b

210.0 (120.0–285.0)

530.0 (360.0–760.0)

 Urinary Albumin (mg/dl)^b

10.0 (10.0–20.0)

110.0 (35.0–280.0)

 Urinary Creatinine (mg/dl)^b

151.5 (72.6–223.3)

163.6 (107.4–253.0)

 uACR (μg/mg)^b

92.0 (65.9–172.0)

729.1 (144.3–1783.3)

 uPCR (mg/mg)^b

1.40 (0.90–2.10)

3.05 (1.63–5.30)

 Overweight/Obesity

100 (75.8)

125 (94.7)

 Uncontrolled BP

47 (35.6)

81 (61.4)

 Hyperglycaemia

34 (25.8)

42 (31.8)

 Dyslipidaemia

66 (50.0)

70 (53.0)

 Microalbuminuria (μg/mg)

124 (93.9)

31 (23.5)

 Macroalbuminuria (μg/mg)

6 (4.5)

92 (69.7)

 CC

3 (2.3)

3 (2.3)

 CT

42 (31.8)

106 (80.3)

 TT

87 (65.9)

23 (17.4)

 MAF

0.820

0.576