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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects

From: Arterial stiffness and its associations with left ventricular diastolic function according to heart failure types

Characteristic

Control (n = 84)

HFrEF (n = 83)

HFpEF (n = 68)

P-value

Age (yr)

61.3 ± 11.1

64.6 ± 12.7

77.0 ± 9.2

< 0.001

Female sex

37 (44.0)

19 (22.9)

38 (55.9)

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.5 ± 3.2

22.4 ± 7.3

24.3 ± 4.9

0.033

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

126.0 ± 13.0

124.0 ± 18.0

139.0 ± 22.0

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.3 ± 9.4

76.2 ± 13.4

76.5 ± 11.6

0.436

Cardiovascular risk factor

 Hypertension

34 (40.5)

54 (65.1)

55 (80.9)

< 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

14 (16.7)

30 (36.1)

28 (41.2)

0.002

 Dyslipidemia

30 (35.7)

25 (30.1)

33 (48.5)

0.062

 Cigarette smoking

10 (11.9)

26 (31.3)

3 (4.4)

< 0.001

 Coronary artery disease

0

13 (15.7)

13 (19.1)

0.001

 Stroke

0

10 (12.0)

10 (14.7)

0.020

Laboratory finding

 White blood cell count (/µL)

6,136 ± 1,696

7,057 ± 1,865

6,494 ± 2,463

0.252

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.1 ± 1.3

15.9 ± 8.7

12.0 ± 2.0

< 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

181.0 ± 41.0

166.0 ± 43.0

146.0 ± 62.0

< 0.001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

108.0 ± 40.0

103.0 ± 41.0

87.0 ± 32.0

0.019

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

56.2 ± 13.1

39.7 ± 10.2

45.7 ± 13.5

< 0.001

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

114.0 ± 48.0

122.0 ± 68.0

128.0 ± 79.0

0.452

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

94.6 ± 19.4

70.8 ± 26.5

65.9 ± 32.0

< 0.001

 Glucose (mg/dL)

115.0 ± 31.0

123.0 ± 38.0

118.0 ± 34.0

0.659

 Glycated hemoglobin (%)

5.91 ± 0.77

6.60 ± 1.20

6.38 ± 1.25

< 0.001

 C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

0.21 ± 0.82

1.65 ± 4.31

1.09 ± 3.15

0.018

Cardiovascular medication

 Calcium channel blocker

9 (10.7)

22 (26.5)

33 (48.5)

< 0.001

 Beta blocker

11 (13.1)

68 (81.9)

42 (61.8)

< 0.001

 RAS blocker

10 (11.9)

70 (84.3)

37 (54.4)

< 0.001

 Statin

31 (36.9)

27 (32.5)

33 (48.5)

0.122

 Diuretics

6 (7.1)

46 (55.4)

31 (45.5)

< 0.001

  1. Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation
  2. HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, RAS Renin-angiotensin system