Table 2 Evidence for efficacy and safety in various patient populations in which published trial data exists for acute and chronic BP responses to IRT

Meta-analyses

Meta-analyses

-Hypertension

-Prehypertension

-Normotensive

9 Meta-analyses:

Carlson et al. 2014 [18]

Hansford et al. 2021 [19]

Inder et al. 2016 [20]

Jin et al. 2017 [21]

Kelly et al. 2010 [22]

Kelly et al. 2021 [23]

Loaiza-Betancur et al. 2020 [24]

Lopez-Valenciano et al. 2019 [25]

Owen et al. 2010 [26]

1 IPD meta-analysis:

Smart et al. 2019 [17]

Long-term anti-hypertensive effect

Average reduction:

–7 / –4

–6.22 / –2.78

No adverse events related to IRT reported from any included trials

Recent RCTs & conditions

Prehypertension

N = 400 (Ogbutor et al. 2019) [10]

–7.48 / –6.41

No adverse events related to IRT

Hypertensive (non-medicated and medicated)

6 Trials

N = 33 (Cahu Rodrigues et al. 2020) [1]

N = 40 (Punia et al. 2020) [12]

N = 22 (Okamoto et al. 2019) [11]

N = 24 (Taylor et al. 2019) [13]

N = 44 (Yoon et al. 2019) [16]

N = 40 (Ahmed et al. 2019) [7]

–16 / –8

–8.75 / –8.35

–17 / –7

–12.3 / –6.2

–8.9 / –5.6

–18.75 / –15.5

& improved arterial stiffness

No adverse events related to IRT reported in any study

Peripheral artery disease

N = 102 (Correia et al. 2020) [4]

–6 / –3

& reduced flow mediated dilatation

No adverse events related to IRT

Coronary heart disease

N = 55 (Chen et al. 2019) [3]

–10.32 / –5.63

& improved VEGF levels

No adverse events related to IRT

Phase II/III cardiac rehabilitation patients

N = 11 (Gordon et al. 2019) [6] (18% had heart failure)

–16 / –9 in 50% of participants & improved VEGF levels

No adverse events related to IRT; IRT may not be effective immediately following (12 wk) a cardiac event

Heart failure

N = 30 (Gao et al. 2018) [5]

Improved VEGF levels

No adverse events related to IRT

Healthy

N = 20 (Herrod et al. 2019) [8]

–7.2 / –6

No adverse events related to IRT