Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects
From: The association between carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of human hair and hypertension
Characteristic | Non-hypertensive subjects | Hypertensive subjects with antihypertensive medication | Hypertensive subjects without antihypertensive medication | P-valuea) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 217 | 79 | 96 | – |
Age (yr) | 60.7 ± 8.6 | 63.6 ± 7.3 | 62.1 ± 7.6 | 0.015 |
Male sex | 120 (55.3) | 51 (64.6) | 57 (59.4) | 0.018 |
δ13C, ‰ vs. PDB | −20.4 ± 0.9 | −20.6 ± 0.9 | −20.3 ± 0.8 | 0.095 |
δ15N, ‰ vs. air | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 0.8 | 11.7 ± 0.8 | 0.075 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.1 | 25.2 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 82.3 ± 8.4 | 87.1 ± 8.8 | 84.2 ± 7.7 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.7 ± 9.6 | 132.0 ± 15.4 | 144.1 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.6 ± 7.3 | 79.9 ± 9.8 | 88.8 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 97.7 ± 17.3 | 103.4 ± 16.2 | 97.4 ± 11.8 | 0.015 |
HOMA-IR (unit) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.9 (1.5–3.0) | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184.3 ± 31.7 | 175.2 ± 31.5 | 188.3 ± 30.1 | 0.020 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 111 (78–150) | 138 (109–217) | 126 (95–167) | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.2 ± 11.3 | 50.4 ± 12.1 | 54.2 ± 14.1 | 0.046 |
Lipid-lowering medication | 3 (1.38) | 13 (16.5) | 0 | < 0.001 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1671.1 ± 532.1 | 1658.3 ± 411.0 | 1701.4 ± 556.9 | 0.843 |
Sodium intake (mg/day) | 2965.5 ± 1734.6 | 3070.6 ± 1984.5 | 3260.1 ± 1913.9 | 0.452 |
Current smoker | 36 (16.6) | 10 (12.7) | 16 (16.7) | 0.690 |
Alcohol drinker | 105 (48.4) | 49 (62.0) | 54 (56.3) | 0.089 |
Regular exercise | 58 (26.7) | 25 (31.6) | 32 (33.3) | 0.437 |