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Table 1 Input parameters and sources for the cost-effectiveness analysis model

From: An economic evaluation of intensive hypertension control in CKD patients: a cost-effectiveness study

Parameter

Data

Source

Incidence, among hypertension patients (age dependent)

 Myocardial infarction

0%–0.82%

NHIS database

2019–2020

 Stroke

2.47%–6.04%

 Heart failure

2.47%–12.75%

 Hypotension

0%–0.83%

 Syncope

0%–2.01%

 Bradycardia

0%–1.32%

 Electrolyte abnormality

2.01%–3.31%

 Injurious fall

34.23%–37.86%

 Acute renal failure

0.41%–4.70%

Mortality, among hypertension patients (age dependent)

 Hypertension

0.04%–0.53%

NHIS database

2019–2020

 Myocardial infarction

0%

 Stroke

0%–0.67%

 Heart failure

0%–2.01%

 Hypotension

0%–0.41%

 Syncope

0%–0.28%

 Bradycardia

0%

 Electrolyte abnormality

0%–0.26%

 Injurious fall

0.41%–1.34%

 Acute renal failure

0%–2.01%

Hazard ratio (Intensive vs. Standard treatment)

HR (95% CI)

 

 Disease events

0.94 (0.62–1.44)

 

  Myocardial infarction

1.35 (0.60–3.08)

Cheung, et al

[7] 2017

  Stroke

0.99 (0.57–1.70)

  Heart failure

0.72 (0.47–1.10)

  Hypotension

1.34 (0.88–2.04)

  Syncope

1.28 (0.86–1.92)

  Bradycardia

0.92 (0.59–1.44)

  Electrolyte abnormality

1.35 (0.94–1.94)

  Injurious fall

0.90 (0.71–1.15)

  Acute renal failure

1.46 (1.10–1.95)

  Cardiovascular disease death

0.57 (0.31–1.02)

  Non-cardiovascular disease death

0.72 (0.53–0.99)

Costs (per person, per 1-year, US$, age dependent)

  

 Hypertension

386.4–1,943.3

NHIS database

2019–2020

 Myocardial infarction

159.8–26,696.9

 Stroke

2,406.1–14,109.8

 Heart failure

4,508.8–6,371.5

 Hypotension

67.0–7,930.4

 Syncope

494.6–2,882.2

 Bradycardia

365.0–3,643.9

 Electrolyte abnormality

643.6–5,511.5

 Injurious fall

4,157.2–14,087.9

 Acute renal failure

5,418.7–27,676.9

Utility (quality-adjusted life year)

 Hypertension

1.00

Sullivan et al

[11] 2006

 Stroke

0.65

 Myocardial infarction

0.70

 Heart failure

0.64

 Serious adverse events

0.60

  1. NHIS National Health Insurance Service, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval