Leg and arm adiposity is inversely associated with diastolic hypertension in young and middle-aged United States adults

Table 6 Association between leg adiposity and blood pressure

Variable			SBP		DBP		Pulse Pressure
Variable			β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
No. (%)	1853 (23.8)		–	–	–	–	–	–
Leg/total%	Male	Unadjusted	− 0.48 (− 0.58, − 0.39)	< 0.0001	− 0.61 (− 0.70, − 0.53)	< 0.0001	0.13 (0.021, 0.24)	0.0199
	Male	Fully adjusted	− 0.13 (− 0.29, 0.022)	0.093	− 0.35 (− 0.48, − 0.22)	< 0.0001	0.21 (0.042, 0.37)	0.015
	Female	Unadjusted	−0.53 (− 0.62, − 0.44)	< 0.0001	−0.31 (− 0.36, − 0.24)	< 0.0001	−0.23 (− 0.31, − 0.15)	< 0.0001
	Female	Fully adjusted	− 0.17 (− 0.31, − 0.034)	0.015	−0.18 (− 0.28, − 0.08)	0.0007	−0.01 (− 0.15, 0.14)	0.94
Leg lean/fat ratio	Male	Unadjusted	−0.84 (−1.39, − 0.29)	0.0035	− 1.29 (− 1.73, − 0.86)	< 0.0001	0.46 (− 0.11, 1.03)	0.11
	Male	Fully adjusted	1.11 (0.34, 1.89)	0.0058	− 0.42 (− 1.24, 0.40)	0.31	1.53 (0.54, 2.52)	0.0029
	Female	Unadjusted	−2.67 (−3.87, −1.47)	< 0.0001	−1.72 (− 2.76, − 0.69)	0.0015	−0.95 (− 2.31, 0.41)	0.17
	Female	Fully adjusted	2.15 (0.66, 3.65)	0.0054	0.18 (−1.26, 1.62)	0.80	1.97 (0.25, 3.70)	0.025
Leg fat%	Male	Unadjusted	0.14 (0.05, 0.22)	0.0026	0.17 (0.11, 0.23)	< 0.0001	−0.032 (−0.11, 0.047)	0.43
	Male	Fully adjusted	−0.22 (− 0.34, − 0.088)	0.0013	0.046 (− 0.084, 0.18)	0.48	−0.26 (− 0.42, − 0.11)	0.0011
	Female	Unadjusted	0.17 (0.10, 0.25)	< 0.0001	0.10 (0.036, 0.16)	0.0026	0.074 (−0.0094, 0.16)	0.081
	Female	Fully adjusted	−0.16 (− 0.26, − 0.059)	0.0024	−0.032 (− 0.13, 0.061)	0.49	−0.13 (− 0.25, − 0.01)	0.036

SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, β regression parameter estimate, CI confidence interval (all estimates are of the fully adjusted model)
Fully adjusted model is identical to Model 3 and adjusts for demographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, poverty index), cardiometabolic factors (SBP, heart rate, triglycerides, body mass index, truncal fat mass, high density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, diabetes status, serum creatinine, albuminuria, smoking, alcohol consumption), and other examination factors (leg fat parameters other than main predictor, arm fat parameters other than main predictor). Lean/fat ratio and fat % variables were not included in the same model due to significant correlation and high variance inflation factor

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