Table 1 Summary of clinical studies on STE in patients with hypertension

 Imbalzano et al. [42] (2011)

51 patients with hypertension (mean age 56.5 ± 14 years, 65% males) and 51 controls

2D-STE

LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and twist

LV systolic longitudinal strain was impaired in hypertension patients, including those without LVH. In the patients with LVH, radial strain was reduced, and circumferential strain and twist were increased

 Kang et al. [43] (2008)

56 patients with hypertension (mean age 48 ± 11 years, 61% males) and 20 age-matched controls

2D-STE

LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate, and basal-to-apical torsion

Longitudinal strain was significantly decreased, and basal-to-apical torsion was increased in patient with hypertension and normal EF.

Longitudinal and basal-to-apical torsion independently correlated with the serum TIMP-1 level

 Mizuguchi et al. [44] (2010)

98 patients with hypertension (25% concentric LVH, 43% eccentric LVH) and 22 age-matched controls

2D-STE

LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate

The systolic LV myocardial deformation was impaired in all the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions in patients with hypertension and concentric LVH.

The mean peak systolic circumferential strain was an independent predictor related to LVEF

 Saito et al. [39] (2016)

388 patients with hypertension and abnormal LV geometry (31% concentric LVH, 22% eccentric LVH, 47% concentric remodeling)

2D-STE

LVGLS and GCS

GLS and its deterioration (> 16%) are related with MACE in asymptomatic hypertensive heart disease, and was very useful for predicting risk of MACE

 Lee et al. [45] (2016)

95 patients with hypertension (mean age 65.5 ± 12.0 years, 60% males)

2D-STE

LVGLS of subendocardium, subepicardium

Longitudinal strain of the subepicardial myocardium (> 17.6%) was the only independent prognostic factor in regularly treated hypertensive patients

 Mu et.al [46]. (2010)

75 patients with hypertension and normal LV geometry (mean age 48 ± 11 years, 61% males) and 50 controls

2D-STE

LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain rate, and torsion rate

Reduced longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain rate, increased rotation rate, and extension of untwisting half-time are the sensitive indicators to diagnosis hypertensive patients with early LV diastolic dysfunction

 Soufi Taleb Bendiab et al. [40] (2017)

200 patients with hypertension and normal LVEF (mean age 61.7 ± 9.7 years, 68% LVH)

2D-STE

LVGLS

Reduced GLS (> − 17.6%) is associated with long-lasting, uncontrolled hypertension, overweight, diabetes, related metabolic changes, and is more pronounced in patients with LVH

 Mizuguchi et al. [47] (2008)

70 patients with normal EF and cardiovascular risk factors and 30 age-matched controls

2D-STE

LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate, and torsion

The mean peak systolic and early diastolic longitudinal strain and strain rate were lower in the E/A < 1 group. LV myocardial contraction and relaxation were first impaired in the longitudinal direction

 Salas Pacheco et al. [48] (2019)

50 patients with hypertension and 80 healthy volunteers

2D-STE

LA reservoir, contraction, conduit strain, and LVGLS

LA strain of pump and reservoir phases, and LA independent strain were lower in hypertensive patients. LA independent strain only correlated with minimum LA volume, and can identify atrial myocyte contractile dysfunction

 Pedrinelli et al. [49] (2010)

89 patients with office BP varying from the optimal to mildly hypertensive range

2D-STE

RV longitudinal peak strain and strain rate

RV peak systolic strain and early diastolic strain rate reduced in the mid-tertile of BP distribution. RV systolic and diastolic strain indices correlated inversely with increasing septal thickness.

 Tumuklu et al. [50] (2007)

35 patients with hypertension and 30 age-and sex-matched controls

2D-STE

RV longitudinal peak strain and strain rate

RV peak systolic strain was significantly lower in hypertension patients with and without LVH in comparison with normotensive controls

 Tadic et al. [51] (2014)

59 untreated hypertension patients, 62 well-controlled hypertension, 58 treated but uncontrolled hypertension patients, and 55 age-and sex-matched controls

2D-STE

RVGLS and strain rate

RVGLS was significantly decreased in untreated and uncontrolled hypertension patients comparing with controls and well controlled participants. RVGLS and 3D RV stroke volume were independently associated with peak oxygen uptake.