Table 2 Description of the studies

Calano (2019) [31]

PubMed

Q1 (nursing)

JBI [32] (8/9)

Quasi-experimental (pre-test–post-test)

To determine the effectiveness of a community-based health program grounded on the knowledge, adherence and blood pressure control of adults with hypertension.

Adults with hypertension

Purposive sampling

50

Inclusion: 40–59 years old patients diagnosed with hypertension for at least 6 months from Bulacan, Philippines

Exclusion: physical and/or mental disabilities

Coyoca (2013) [21]

Google Scholar

Not available

STROBE [33] (17/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To explore the barriers and factors that have an effect of the adherence to therapeutic regimen.

Adults with hypertension and type II diabetes

Convenience sampling

56

Inclusion: 18 years old and above patients diagnosed with hypertension and type II diabetes recruited from private and public clinics of Iligan City Philippines

de Guzman (2013) [11]

Research Gate

Q3 (education)

STROBE [33] (14/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To develop and test a model of medication adherence among Filipino elderly.

Geriatric patients with chronic illness (including hypertension)

Random sampling

325

Inclusion: > 60 years old, diagnosed with chronic illness, and with at least one long-term medication

Exclusion: mental or cognitive disabilities

Dror (2005) [34]

Science Direct

Q1 (health policy)

JBI [32] (7/9)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To examine evidence of association between affiliation with Micro Insurance Units (MIU) and healthcare utilization.

Adult patients with chronic illness (including hypertension)

Cluster sampling method

504

Inclusion: households in sixMIUs from Northern Philippines, Metro Manila, Central Visayas and Mindanao, Philippines

Ea 2018 [35]

Science Direct

Q2 (nursing)

STROBE [33] (18/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To explore self-care among Filipino immigrants in the United States who have hypertension.

Adult with hypertension (Filipino immigrants in the United States)

Convenience sampling

163

Inclusion: at least 18 years old, first generation Filipino immigrant, able to speak and write in English, and who had a current diagnosis of hypertension or were currently taking an antihypertensive medication at the time of recruitment

Exclusion: pregnant or taking a contraceptive medication

Encabo (2017) [23]

CU Library

Q4 (pharmaceutical science)

STROBE [33] (2.5/9)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To know the percentage of the people who were adherent to their medication and know the factors that contributed to the medication adherence.

Adult with hypertension (member of hypertensive club)

Purposive sampling

94

Inclusion: at least 19 years old, diagnosed with hypertension for at least a month, and are either taking or prescribed with maintenance medications for hypertension from Caloocan, Philippines recruited from hypertensive club and barangay and the local municipality recommendation

Juarez (2013) [14]

Wiley Online Library

Q2 (economics, econometrics)

STROBE [33] (22/22)

Observational (retrospective analysis)

To identify factors associated with years of medication adherence and to examine the relationship between years of adherence and healthcare utilization.

Adult patients with diabetes and hypertension (Filipino immigrants in the United States)

Purposive sampling

1748

Inclusion: adult patients with diabetes who were enrolled in a large health plan in Hawaii for 4 years between 2007 and 2010 and at least one prescription medication

Ku (2015) [25]

SAGE Library

Q3 (health policy)

STROBE [33] (19/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To measure factors that could be associated with self-management practices of people with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Adults with hypertension and diabetes

Purposive sampling

549

Inclusion: at least 20 years old, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and hypertension for at least six months, recruited from local government unit in Luzon, Philippines

Mamangon (2018) [26]

Grey literature

Not available

STROBE [33] (20/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To identify the proportion of the patients who are non-adherent and identify factors associated with medication adherence behavior.

Adults with hypertension

Convenience sampling

47

Inclusion: 25–59 years old diagnosed hypertensive in Barangay 898, Manila and recipients of free antihypertensive medication from J. Vicencio Health Center

Exclusion: not able to speak in English or Filipino, advised to discontinue medications by physicians

Pablo (2018) [36]

Research Gate

Not available

JBI [32] (8/9)

Quasi-experimental (pre-test–post-test)

To determine the most prevalent complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and determine if associated with medication adherence.

To assess whether medication adherence seminar significantly increased the medication adherence.

Adults with hypertension and/or diabetes

Purposive sampling

66

Inclusion: at least 18 years old clinically diagnosed with hypertension and/or diabetes, currently prescribed with their maintenance medicine while practicing or using CAM, may or may not have not more than 2 comorbidities recruited from National Government Center, Quezon City, Philippines

Palileo-Villanueva (2011) [27]

Grey literature

Not available

STROBE [33] (18/22)

Observational (cross-sectional)

To determine the prevalence of adherence to blood pressure lowering medications and identify factors affecting it.

Adult with hypertension (outpatient specialty clinic)

Convenience sampling

276

Inclusion: patients with hypertension consulting at the General Medicine Outpatient Continuity Clinic of the Philippine General Hospital

Exclusion: newly diagnosed to have hypertension or not yet maintained on antihypertensive medications at the time of the interview

Taira (2006) [15]

PubMed

Q1 (health policy)

STROBE [33] (22/22)

Observational (retrospective analysis)

To measure the impact of medication copayment level and other predictors on compliance with antihypertensive medications.

Adult with hypertension (members of a managed care organization)

Purposive sampling

13,708

Inclusion: diagnosed hypertensive with at least 1 antihypertensive medication prescription with at least a 15-day supply between January 1999 and June 2004

Taira (2007) [16]

PubMed

Q1 (arts and humanities)

STROBE [33] (22/22)

Observational (retrospective analysis)

To identify predictors of adherence for specific groups, particularly Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.

Adult with hypertension (members of a managed care organization)

Purposive sampling

3812

Inclusion: 18 years old diagnosed hypertensive with drug coverage in a large health plan. Must have filled at least one prescription for one of five classes of identified antihypertensive medications.

Exclusion: Patients using other therapeutic classes, including adrenergic inhibitors, alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, other diuretics or combination drugs and/or newly shifted to a different medication

Ursua (2014) [37]

PubMed

Q2 (medicine)

JBI [32] (8/9)

Quasi-experimental (pre-test–post-test with control)

To assess the feasibility and efficacy of a 4-month community health worker intervention to improve hypertension management among Filipino immigrants in New York and New Jersey.

Adult with hypertension (Filipino immigrants in Unites States)

Purposive sampling

88

Inclusion: 25–75 years old, self-identified as Filipino in New York City or Jersey City, US (had one systolic blood pressure (SBP) reading of 132 mmHg or one diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reading of 82 mmHg

Exclusion: on renal dialysis, had participated in a previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) study, or had experienced a heart attack or stroke

Ursua (2018) [38]

Science Direct

Q1 (health informatics)

CONSORT [39] (19/25)

Randomized clinical trial

To assess the efficacy of the intervention on blood pressure control, SBP and DBP, and compliance to appointment keeping.

Adult with hypertension (Filipino immigrants in United States)

Random Sampling

182

Inclusion: 25–75 years old, self-identified as Filipino in New York city, and diagnosed hypertensive or on antihypertensive medication use

Exclusion: on renal dialysis, had an acute or terminal illness or serious mental illness, had participated in a previous CVD study, or had a history of heart attack, stroke, or congestive heart failure