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Table 5 Adjusted Association of Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and Pulse Pressure with Height derived through Linear Regression among the untreated individuals, NHANES 2007–18#

From: Association between height and hypertension among US adults: analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–18

Variables##

SBP

DBP

PP

aβ (95% CI)

aβ (95% CI)

aβ (95% CI)

Height Category (in cm)

 Q1 (135.3–159.2)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Q2 (159.3–166.2)

-0.7 (− 1.59,0.19)

0.73* (0.14,1.31)

-1.43*** (−2.23,-0.63)

 Q3 (166.3–173.6)

−0.87 (− 1.87,0.13)

1.29*** (0.58,2.01)

− 2.16*** (−3.08,-1.23)

 Q4 (173.7–204.5)

− 0.51 (− 1.61,0.60)

1.92*** (1.06,2.77)

− 2.43*** (− 3.54,-1.32)

Age (in year)

 20–39

Ref

Ref

Ref

 40–59

5.42*** (4.73,6.12)

4.69*** (4.20,5.17)

0.74** (0.22,1.26)

 ≥60

14.24*** (13.23,15.24)

−0.59 (−1.37,0.18)

14.75*** (13.82,15.67)

Gender

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

−5.96*** (−6.67,-5.26)

−2.11*** (−2.71,-1.52)

−3.88*** (−4.53,-3.23)

Race/Ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic White

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Non-Hispanic Black

4.06*** (3.17,4.96)

0.77* (0.01,1.52)

3.31*** (2.24,4.37)

 Mexican-American

−0.46 (− 1.35,0.43)

− 0.61 (− 1.49,0.28)

0.16 (− 0.69,1.01)

 Other races/ethnicities

−0.73* (− 1.44,-0.01)

−0.1 (− 0.85,0.66)

−0.63(− 1.48,0.22)

Family income

 Low

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Middle

0.19 (−0.51,0.89)

−0.04 (− 0.59,0.51)

0.23 (− 0.44,0.90)

 High

0.16 (− 0.58,0.90)

0.09 (− 0.57,0.74)

0.09 (− 0.60,0.79)

Education level

 Below High School

Ref

Ref

Ref

 High School

−0.4 (−1.12,0.32)

0.76** (0.22,1.30)

−1.13*** (− 1.72,-0.55)

 College Graduate or Above

−2.67*** (−3.66,-1.67)

0.41 (− 0.32,1.15)

−3.06*** (− 3.88,-2.24)

Cholesterol level (in mg/dl)

 No high cholesterol (< 200)

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Borderline elevated (200–239)

2.20*** (1.50,2.91)

2.47*** (1.98,2.96)

−0.26 (− 0.96,0.45)

 High cholesterol (≥240)

1.77*** (0.95,2.59)

1.83*** (1.35,2.32)

−0.09(− 0.79,0.60)

High-density lipoprotein (in mg/dl)

 Normal

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Low

1.19*** (0.58,1.80)

1.01*** (0.59,1.44)

0.18 (−0.35,0.71)

Chronic kidney disease

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

5.94*** (4.63,7.24)

1.68*** (0.89,2.47)

4.24*** (3.28,5.20)

Diabetes mellitus status

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.09* (0.00,2.18)

−0.98* (−1.78,-0.18)

2.07*** (1.06,3.07)

Smoker

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

0.35 (−0.27,0.96)

−0.89** (−1.46,-0.31)

1.24*** (0.69,1.80)

Leisure time physical activity (in minutes)

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Some (< 150 min)

− 0.16 (− 0.91,0.58)

0.05 (− 0.60,0.71)

−0.21 (− 0.91,0.49)

 ≥150 min

−0.90** (− 1.45,-0.35)

−0.52* (− 1.04,-0.01)

−0.38 (− 0.94,0.19)

Survey Period

 2007–10

Ref

Ref

Ref

 2011–14

0.46 (−0.39,1.32)

0.48 (−0.52,1.48)

0.01 (−1.02,1.05)

 2015–18

1.96*** (1.13,2.79)

1.24* (0.13,2.35)

0.74 (−0.29,1.77)

  1. Adjusted Beta Co-efficient, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PP Pulse Pressure, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure
  2. #Individuals who were not taking any antihypertensive drugs were included in the analyses
  3. ##Adjusted for all variables in the column, variables significant in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable mode
  4. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001