Table 5 Comparison of hemodynamic parameters according to the changes of augmentation index after isometric handgrip exercise

 Handgrip power, maximal (kg)

37.0 ± 14.4

30.1 ± 8.7

0.089

 Handgrip power at exercise (kg)

13.5 ± 2.8

11.7 ± 2.7

0.060

 Handgrip power %

38.7 ± 6.7

39.8 ± 5.6

0.566

 Heart rate (/min)

65.7 ± 9.9

62.7 ± 8.4

0.334

 Central systolic BP (mmHg)

109.9 ± 16.2

127.3 ± 21.3

0.008

 Central diastolic BP (mmHg)

62.0 ± 8.4

65.0 ± 12.0

0.373

 Central pulse pressure (mmHg)

48.0 ± 14.7

62.3 ± 17.7

0.011

 Forward pressure (mmHg)

103.7 ± 15.8

114.1 ± 21.9

0.105

 Augmentation pressure (mmHg)

6.2 ± 4.9

13.3 ± 6.2

< 0.001

 Augmentation index (%)

13.3 ± 9.6

21.7 ± 10.0

0.013

 Peripheral systolic BP (mmHg)

118.5 ± 19.3

131.8 ± 19.8

0.045

 Peripheral diastolic BP (mmHg)

61.3 ± 8.3

63.2 ± 11.9

0.562

 Peripheral pulse pressure (mmHg)

57.2 ± 17.8

68.6 ± 17.6

0.058

 Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

9.30 ± 1.72

10.72 ± 1.72

0.017

 Heart rate (/min)

70.5 ± 13.4

70.8 ± 12.9

0.948

 Central systolic BP (mmHg)

135.0 ± 19.7

146.1 ± 25.1

0.140

 Central diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.5 ± 7.2

73.9 ± 14.4

0.527

 Central pulse pressure (mmHg)

63.5 ± 18.7

72.2 ± 18.0

0.157

 Forward pressure (mmHg)

120.9 ± 17.0

131.7 ± 26.7

0.154

 Augmentation pressure (mmHg)

14.1 ± 9.1

14.4 ± 8.5

0.908

 Augmentation index (%)

22.2 ± 11.6

20.4 ± 12.0

0.648

 Peripheral systolic BP (mmHg)

136.2 ± 22.6

145.6 ± 27.1

0.259

 Peripheral diastolic BP (mmHg)

64.5 ± 7.6

65.6 ± 12.8

0.754

 Peripheral pulse pressure (mmHg)

71.6 ± 21.1

79.9 ± 21.4

0.242

 Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

10.68 ± 2.59

10.94 ± 2.10

0.747

Δ Central systolic BP (mmHg)

25.1 ± 11.7

18.8 ± 15.3

0.169

Δ Forward pressure (mmHg)

17.2 ± 7.8

17.7 ± 13.6

0.900

Δ Augmentation index (%)

9.0 ± 5.3

−1.3 ± 3.8

< 0.001

Δ Peripheral systolic BP (mmHg)

17.7 ± 11.2

13.7 ± 13.1

0.330

Δ Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

1.38 ± 1.39

0.21 ± 1.08

0.008