Table 2 Characteristics of studies that evaluated the prevalence of hypertension in Bangladesh

Zaman et al. [18]

2001

≥ 18 years

Both

510

Rural

Random Sampling

Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals by physicians

≥ 140/90 and ≥ 160/95

At Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 9.8% (Men), 15.6 % (Women), 12.9% (Total); At Cut-off ≥ 160/95 mmHg: 4.9% (Men), 6.5% (Women), 5.8% (Total)

Zaman et al. [19]

2016

≥ 25 years

Both

9,275

Both urban and rural

Random Sampling with probability proportionate to size

Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals

≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication

Unadjusted: 18.5% (Men), 17.3% (Women), 17.9% (Total); Age adjusted: 19.1% (Men), 23.0% (Women), 20.8% (Total)

Zaman et al. [20]

2015

≥ 25 years

Both

4,073

Both urban and rural

Multistage Cluster Sampling

Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals

≥ 140/90

Unadjusted: 20.6% (Men), 22.1% (Women), 21.4% (Total); Adjusted: 20.7% (Men), 25.0% (Women), 23.1% (Total)

Minh et al. [21]

2009

25 - 64 years

Both

2,061 (Matlab), 2,028 (Mirsarai), 1,983 (Abhoynagar); 1,997 (WATCH)

Rural

A multi-site Cross-sectional Study

Three measurements with average of the last two readings

≥ 140/90 or treatment with BP medication; ≥ 160/100 or treatment with BP medication

Matlab at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 12.5% (Men), 21.0% (Women), 17.1% (Total); Matlab at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 5.0% (Men), 12.4% (Women), 9.1% (Total); Mirsarai at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 20.3% (Men), 27.4% (Women), 24.1% (Total); Mirsarai at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 12.3% (Men), 18.0% (Women), 15.3% (Total); Abhoynagar at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 13.3% (Men), 19.8% (Women), 16.8% (Total); Abhoynagar at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 7.5% (Men), 12.6% (Women), 10.2% (Total); WATCH at Cut-off ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 7.4% (Men), 11.2% (Women), 9.3% (Total); WATCH at Cut-off ≥ 160/100 mmHg: 2.6% (Men), 6.3% (Women), 4.5% (Total);

Tareque et al [22]

2015

≥ 35 years

Both

7,499

Both urban and rural

Two stage Stratified Sampling

Three measurements with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication

20.0% (Men), 32.0% (Women), 27.1% (Total), 23.8% (Rural), 32.7% (Urban)

Sayeed et al. [23]

2003

≥ 20 years

Both

5,055

Rural

Purposive Cluster Sampling

Measured by a single investigator using mercury sphygmomanometer

SBP ≥ 140

NR

Sayeed et al. [24]

2002

≥ 20 years

Both

2,361

Both urban and rural

Cross-sectional Study

Mean of two measurements at 2-minute intervals

≥ 140/90

14.4% (Systolic hypertension), 9.1% (Diastolic hypertension)

Razzaque et al. [25]

2011

25 - 64 years

Both

2,000

Rural

WHO STEPS Methodology

Three measurements of 5 minutes interval with average of the last two readings

High Blood Pressure: ≥ 140/90; Raised Blood Pressure: ≥ 140/90; or using anti-hypertensive medication; Self-Reported: Informed by physician

High Blood Pressure: 10.6% (Male), 13.9% (Female); Raised Blood Pressure: 12.5% (Male), 21.0% (Female); Self-Reported: 6.8% (Male), 14.8% (Female)

Rahman et al. 2015 [26]

2015

≥ 35 years

Both

7,876

Both urban and rural

Multistage Stratified Cluster Sampling

NR

≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication

19.1% [17.6–20.7] (Men), 31.7% [29.9–33.5] (Women), 24.4% (Overall Age-standardized), 25.4% (Crude)

Quasem et al. [27]

2001

≥ 60 years

Both

240

Both urban and rural

Random Multistage Cluster Sampling

Average of two readings

≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication

75% [69 – 80] (Urban Site), 53% [47 – 59] (Rural Site)

Parr et al. [28]

2011

≥ 25 years

Both

8,591

Both urban and rural

Cross-Sectional Study

NR

NR

12.4% (Rural), 16.1% (Urban)

Alam et al. [29]

2014

≥ 20 years

Both

1,678

Both urban and rural

Random selection

Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 or both

17.1% (Total), 23.6% (Urban), 10.8% (Rural)

Huda et al. [30]

2012

15 - 65 years

Both

1,000

Urban

Multistage Clustered Sampling

NR

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

11.60%

Khanam et al. [31]

2015

≥ 25 years

Both

6,094

Rural

Representative Sample of a Cross-sectional Study

Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with the averages ofthe last two measurements

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

16% (Total), 13.5% (Men), 18.4% (Women)

Khanam et al. [32]

2015

≥ 25 years

Both

6,082

Rural

Cross-sectional Study

Three measurements with the averages of the last two readings

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

14.9% (Self-reported), 11.1% (Undiagnosed), 9.7% (Men undiagnosed), 12.6% (Women undiagnosed)

Khanam et al. [33]

2014

≥ 25 years

Both

29,960

Rural

Cross sectional Door to Door Survey

Not based on blood pressure measurements

Face-to face interviews with a structured questionnaire

13.7% (Total), 8.9% (Male), 14.8% (Female)

Jesmin et al. [34]

2013

≥ 15 years

Female

1,802

Rural

Cross-sectional Study/Stratified Multistage Random Sampling

Average of two measurements at 15 minute interval

≥ 130/85 or anti-hypertensive medication

28.2% (Overall)

Jesmin et al. [35]

2012

≥ 15 years

Female

1,535

Rural

Cross-sectional Study/Stratified Multistage Random Sampling

Average of two measurements at 15 minute interval

≥ 130/ 85

29.10%

Islam et al. [36]

2015

≥ 25 years

Both

730

Urban

Cross-sectional Study/Multi-stage Random Sampling

Three measurements at 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 or self-reported or anti-hypertensive medication

23.7% (Overall age-adjusted), 23.6% (Male age-adjusted), 21.7% (Female age-adjusted)

Islam et al. [37]

2012

≥ 30 years

Both

1,004

Rural

A cross-sectional Study/ Purposive Selection (area), Random Selection (households)

Lowest value of the three measurements.

≥ 140/90

6.6% [5.1 – 8.3] (Overall), 8.2% (Male), 5.8% (Female)

Islam [38]

2016

≥ 35 years

Both

7,561

Both urban and rural

Stratified Multistage Cluster Sampling

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with the averages of the last two measurements

≥ 140/90 and/or anti-hypertensive medication

11.9%

Islam et al. [39]

2015

≥ 30 years

Both

3,096

Rural

Multilevel Cluster Random Sampling

Average of the two readings at 5 minute interval

≥ 140/90 or self-report of using medication

40% [38,39,40,41,42] (Crude), 40.3% (Male Total), 40% (Female Total)

Hasan et al. [40]

2012

18 - 65 years

Both

1,240

Rural

Cross-sectional Study/Three stage Sampling; Purposively (first stage) and Simple Random Sampling (second and third stage)

Two measurements

≥ 140/90 or self-report of using medication

19.3%

Karim et al. [41]

2013

18 - 65 years

Both

1,134

Rural

Cross-sectional study/ Direct Interview Using Structured Questionnaire

Average of the two readings at two minutes interval

≥ 140/90

19.1%

Harshfield et al. [42]

2015

≥ 35 years

Both

8,834

Both urban and rural

Two Stage Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage)

Average of the three measurements

≥ 140/90 (Measurement Only); ≥ 140/90 or diagnosed by health professional or blood pressure lowering medication (Medical)

Measurement Only: 19.1% (Overall), 14.5% (Male), 24.1% (Female); Medical: 26.4% (Overall), 19.6% (Male), 33.6% (Female)

Fatema et al. [43]

2016

31 - 74 years

Both

62,538 (Not high risk for CVD), 1,170 (High risk for CVD)

Rural

Purposive Sub-cohort from a Cohort Study

Single reading

≥ 140/90 or receiving treatment for hypertension

9.0% (Not high risk for CVD participants), 4.4% (High risk for CVD participants)

Fatema et al. [44]

2015

31-74 years

Both

1,170 (High risk for CVD), 563 (Not high risk for CVD)

Rural

Cohort Study/Participants who agreed to take part and random selection

Average of the three readings at 5 minutes interval

≥ 140/90

15.8% (High risk group), 3.6% (Not high risk group)

Chowdhury et al. [45]

2016

≥ 35 years

Both

7,839

Both urban and rural

Cross-sectional Study/Two-stage Stratified Cluster Sampling

Three measurements of 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

26.4% (Overall), 20.3% (Men), 32.4% (Women)

Hasan et al. [46]

2012

18-65 years

Both

1,240

Rural

Three Stage Sampling

NR

NR

19.3%

Chakrabarti et al. [47]

2015

≥ 30 years

Both

3,104

Rural

Cluster Random Sampling

Average of two measurements at 5-minute intervals

≥ 140/90

7.4%

Bishwajit et al. [48]

2016

≥ 35 years

Female

2,022

Both rural and urban

Two Stage Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage)

Three measurements of 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90

18%

Bhowmik et al. [49]

2012

≥ 20 years

Both

2,293

Rural

Cross-sectional Study/Random Selection

Mean of the two measurements at 5-minutes intervals

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

15.5% (Total), 17.5% (Male), 14.3% (Female)

Alam et al. [50]

2014

≥ 20 years

Female

1,600

Both rural and urban

Longitudinal Study/ Random Selection

Three measurements of 5 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

17.1% (Overall), 23.6% (Urban), 10.8% (Rural)

Moni et al. [51]

2010

≥ 60 years

Both

317

Urban

Cross-sectional Study/Convenient Sampling Technique

NR

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

44.8% (Overall), 53.5% (Male), 38.8% (Female)

Das et al. [52]

2010

16-65 years

Both

1,200

Urban

Cross-sectional Study/Multi-stage Cluster Sampling

NR

> 139/89

17.3%

Sayeed et al. [53]

1994

≥ 15 years

Both

1,005

Rural

Cluster Sampling

Mean of the three measurements

≥ 140/90

10.5% (SBP), 9.0% (DBP)

Islam et al. [54]

1983

≥ 10 years

Both

5,026

Rural

NR

Single measurement in sitting position

DBP ≥ 90

6.7% (DBP)

Islam et al. [55]

1979

18-55 years

Both

8,172

Urban

Total of a specific population

Single measurement in sitting position

DBP ≥ 90

13.3% (DBP)

Malik A [56].

1976

All age

Both

7,062

Both rural and urban

NR

NR

NR

1.10%

Mondal et al. [57]

2013

≥ 18 years

Both

481

Both rural and urban

Cross -sectional study/Random Selection

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements

≥ 140/90

33.3%

Sayeed et al. [58]

1995

≥ 15 years

Both

1,005

Rural

Cluster Sampling

Mean of the three measurements

SBP ≥ 140, DBP > 90

10.5% (SBP), 9.0% (DBP)

Khalequzzaman et al. [59]

2017

18 - 64 years

Both

2,551

Urban

Stratified Simple Random Sampling

Three measurements with the mean of the second and third readings

≥ 140/90 or use of anti-hypertensive medication

18.6% [16.5 - 20.8] (Men), 20.7% [18.5 - 22.9] (Women)

Ali et al. [60]

2018

21 - 23 years

Both

184

Urban

Cross-sectional Study

Mean of the two measurements at 5 minutes interval

≥ 140/90

6.5% (Overall), 12.1% (Male), 3.4% (Female)

Biswas et al. [61]

2019

≥ 35 years

Both

8,763

Both rural and urban

Cross-sectional Study/Two-stage Cluster Probability Random Sampling

NR

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

27% (Overall), 25.3% [23.5 - 27.1] (Rural), 33.3% [31.1 - 35.5] (Urban)

Kibria et al. [62]

2018

≥ 35 years

Both

7,839

Both rural and urban

Two Stage Stratified Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage)

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements

≥ 130/80 (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 (the JNC7 Guideline)

The JNC7: 25.7% [24.5 – 27.0] (Overall Crude), 19.4% [18.0 - 21.0] (Male Crude), 31.9% [30.1 - 33.6] (Female Crude); 2017 ACC/AHA: 48% [46.4 – 49.7] (Overall Crude), 41.4% [39.4 - 43.5] (Male Crude), 54.5% [52.4 - 56.4] (Female Crude)

Islam et al. [63]

2018

≥ 18 years

Both

1,843

Both rural and urban

Multistage, Geographically Clustered, Probability-based Sampling

Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval

≥ 130/80 or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 (The JNC7 Guideline)

The JNC7: 17.9% [16.2 – 19.7] (Overall), 16.4% [14.0 - 18.9] (Male), 19.3% [16.9 - 22.0] (Female) 14.6% [12.5 - 16.7] (Rural), 23.2% [20.1 - 26.5] (Urban); 2017 ACC/AHA: 40.7% [38.5 – 43.0] (Overall), 43.4% [40.1 - 46.7] (Male), 38.3% [35.2 - 41.4] (Female), 36.1% [33.3 - 38.9] (Rural), 48.0% [44.3 - 51.8] (Urban)

Rawal et al. [64]

2017

≥ 25 years

Both

507

Urban

Cross-sectional Study/Purposive Selection

Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval

≥ 140/90

13.7% [19.31 - 26.02] (Overall), 12.6% (Male), 14.8% (Female)

Roy et al. [65]

2019

≥ 35 years

Both

7,307

Both rural and urban

Two-stage Stratified Cluster Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage)

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

24.7% [23.6–25.8] (Overall), 18.5% [17.1–20.0] (Male), 30.8% [29.1–32.5] (Female), 22.7% [21.5–24.0] (Rural), 31.3% [29.0–33.6] (Urban)

Ahmed et al. [66]

2019

≥ 35 years

Both

8,835

Both rural and urban

Two-stage Stratified Sampling: Probability Proportional to the Size (first stage), Systematic Sampling (second stage)

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements

≥ 140/90

19.1%

Kibria et al. [67]

2018

≥ 35 years

Both

7,839

Both rural and urban

Two-staged Cluster Sampling Design

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the second and third measurements

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

Combined: 25.7% (Overall); Urban: 32.6% [30.5–34.8] (Overall), 25.1% (Male), 40.2% (Female); Rural: 23.6% [22.5–24.7] (Overall), 17.6% (Male), 29.4% (Female)

Kibria et al. [68]

2018

≥ 35 years

Both

7,839

Both rural and urban

Two-staged Sampling Design

Three measurements at 10 minutes interval with average of the last two measurements

≥ 130/80 or taking blood pressure lowering drug (2017 ACC/AHA Guideline); ≥ 140/90 or taking blood pressure lowering drug (The JNC7 Guideline)

JNC7: 25.7% (Overall); 2017 ACC/AHA: 48% (Overall)

Rahman et al. [69]

2018

≥ 25 years

Both

9,275

Both rural and urban

Multistage, Geographically Clustered, Probability-based Sampling

Average of two measurements at 2 minute interval

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

20.1% (Overall), 20.3% (Male), 19.9% (Female), 17.9% (Rural), 22.2% (Urban)

Biswas et al. [70]

2017

≥ 35 years

Both

7,544

Both rural and urban

NR

NR

≥ 140/90 or anti-hypertensive medication

26.5%