From: Pathophysiology of copeptin in kidney disease and hypertension
Study | With GFR | With Albuminuria/proteinuria | Subjects | Main Finding |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meijer et al. [43] | No data | No data | 548 patients with renal transplantation | -Median follow-up was 3.2 years. -Mean changes in eGFR during follow-up (3.2 yars) were -0.03, -0.44, and -1.06 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (p:0.02) according to increasing copeptin tertiles -In multivariate regression analysis, the association of copeptin with change in eGFR remained significant after adjustment |
Meijer et al. [12] | Copeptin and eGFR were negatively associated (crude β:-0.17, P < 0.0001 | Copeptin associated with UAE (R:0.20, P:0.001). | 7593 participants with baseline urinary albumin concentration >10 mg/l | With increasing quintiles of copeptin levels, microalbuminuria increased from 13–25% in males and from 8–15% in females. |
Meijer et al. [44] | Copeptin and eGFR were negatively asssociated (R:- 0.58, P < 0.0001) | Copeptin and albuminuria were positively asssociated R:0.39, P < 0.0001) | 102 ADPKD patients | Copeptin was positively associated with renal volume R:0.47, P < 0.0001) and negatively with effective renal blood flow (R: -0.52, P < 0.0001) |
Boertien et al. [45] | Copeptin and mGFR (inulin clearance) were inversely associated (std B:-0.258, P: 0.02) | No data | 79 ADPKD subjects | -Patients who started RRT had higher copeptin levels compared to subjects who did not start RRT [4.10 (3.27–17.6) versus 2.27 (1.55-5.19) pmol/L, P:0.01] |
Riphagen et al. [46] | eGFR decreased from 68 ± 14, 67 ± 15, 59 ± 18, as going copptin tertile 1 to tertile 3 (P < 0.0001) | ACR increased from 1.6 (0.9-4.0), 1.7 (0.8-6.1) 2.7 (1.0–8.2), as going copptin tertile 1 to tertile 3 (P < 0.0001) | 1.195 patients with T2DM | -Log copeptin was associated with CV (HR 1.17 (95% CI 0.99-1.39); P:0.068) and all cause mortality (1.22 [1.09-1.36); P:0.001) after adjustment. -However, copeptin did not substantially improve risk prediction for CV event (integrated discrimination improvement and all-cause mortality beyond currently used clinical markers. |
Velho et al. [47] | Patients with highest tertile of co-peptin has lowest eGFR | Patients with highest tertile of co-peptin has Highest 24 h UAE | 3.101 Type2DM patients with microalbuminuria (UAE, 20-200 mg/L) or macroalbuminuria (UAE > 200 mg/L) without renal failure at baseline | -The yearly variations of eGFR during follow-up by tertiles of plasma copeptin were 20.65 ± 0.24, 20.77 ± 0.24 and 21.91 ± 0.24 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year, respectively (ANCOVA P : 0.0001), adjusted for sex and age -HR for plasma copeptin tertiles as a risk for renal events (defined as doubling of serum creatinine or development of end-stage renal disease) was 4.79 (95% CI, 2.48–9.24; P, 0.0001; for T3 vs. T1). -This association remained significant when adjusted forbaseline UAE and eGFR 2.97 (1.56–6.14), P: 0.0006 |
Boertien et al, [48] | eGFR and baseline copeptin were negatively associated R: -0.143, P < 0.0001 | logACR and baseline copeptin were positively associated R: 0.162, P < 0.0001 | -1.328 patients with T2DM (349 (RAASi) and 979 without (RAASi) | -In multivarite analysis in 979 patients (without RAASi) baseline copeptin was associated with logACR; (β: 0.13, P < 0.001, and with eGFR, β −0.20, P < 0.001 -In 756 patients who were followed for 6.5 years baseline copeptin was not associated with increase in ACR after adjusment (β: 0.07, P:0.08) but associated with a decrease in eGFR ( β -0.09, P:0.03) -There was no significant association between copeptin and change in ACR or eGFR in patients using RAASi at baseline. |
Boertien et al. [49] | Baseline copeptin is correlated with mGFR, R:-0.286, P < 0.001 | No data | -241 ADPKD patients with creatinine clearance >70 mL/min | -After a 8.5 (IQR, 7.7-9.0) years follow-up copeptin was significantly associated with change in TKV after adjusting for gender, age, cardiovascular risk factors and diuretic use (p = 0.03). -Copeptin level was borderline significantly associated with change in mGFR after adjusting for these variables (p = 0.09). |
Li et al. [50] | GFR and copeptin were inversely assocaited with (R:0.571, P < 0.001) | No data | 86 non-dialysis patients with CKD and 20 control patients | -Among CKD patients, who had atherosclerotic plagues as measured by CIMT and left ventricular hypertrophy, had higher co-peptin levels compated to CKD patients without these pathologies. -Elevated co-peptin was independently associated with GFR, left ventricular hypertrophy, CIMT and previous history of CVD in multivariate analysis. |
Sontrop et al. [51] | Both at baseline (R:-0.53; P:0.003) and at 6 weeks follow-up, copeptin was inversely correlated with eGFR (R:-0.56;P:0.002) | -No correlation between copeptin and ACR at baseline. -After 6 weeks a positive correlation was observed (r:0.44, P: 0.02) | 28 patients with stage 3 CKD randomised to a hydration (to drink approximately 1 L more per day (n:17) than controls (n:11) for 6 weeks) | -In the hydration group, median copeptin decreased by 3.6 pmol/L, (P:0.005), while remaining stable among controls at 19 pmol/L (P:0.76). |
Roussel et al. [52] | No data | No data | 1.234 participants from the French general population with baseline co-peptin levels and followed for 9 years | Copeptin was associated with CKD according to KDIGO criterion: OR 3.03 (95% CI 1.21–7.57), P:0.02 |
Hu et al. [53] | Serum copeptin negatively related to GFR (R:-0.586, P < 0.001) | Co-peptin correlated with UAE (R:0.171, P:0.008) | 120 T2DM patients | -Serum copeptin is an independent risk factor of decline in renal function in T2DM patients (OR:1.234, CI:1.003-1.456, p:0.012) -Sensitivity and specificty of the co-peptin in detection of GFR decline by roc analysis were 78.9% and 88.9% respectively |
Nakajima et al. [54] | No correlation between urinary co-peptin and eGFR | No data | 50 patients with ADPKD | Urinary copeptin/u-Cr was associated with total kidney volume and height-adjusted total kidney volume in ADPKD |
Ponte et al. [11] | -In both men and women eGFR is negatively associated with copeptin | Subjects with pathologic 24-h ACR had higher copeptin levels compared to subjects with normal ACR (5.0 pmol/L [IQR, 3.2–8.7] vs. 3.9 pmol/L [2.7–5.8];P:0.001). | Population based study of 529 women and 481 men | -Subjects with simple cysts had higher copeptin levels compared to patients without cysts (4.8 pmol/L [IQR, 3.6–7.9] versus 3.8 pmol/L [2.6–5.7]; P:0.001) -The number of cysts in the kidneys is associated with copeptin -In adjusted models, copeptin remained its association with CKD (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.45 to 5.50; P:0.002) and ACR (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.68; P:0.02 |
Tasevska et al. [3] | No data | No data | Derived from the population based MDCS | After multivariate adjustment copeptin was independently associated with significantly greater annual decline of eGFR according to the MDRD and CKD-EPI formula |
Engelbertz et al. [5] | eGFR is lower in patients with elevated copeptin compared to patients with normal copeptin (41.4 vs. 70.1, P: 0.001) | Proteinuria was present in 35.8% of patients with elevated copeptin, but only in 15.5% of patients with normal copeptin (P < 0.001) | 301 patients (35 had no CKD and the others have various degress of CKD) with an angiographically diagnosed stenosis ≥50% | During 180 days of follow-up, Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that copeptin was the sole predictor for mortality (HR: 5.317 (95% CI 1.653-17.098, P = 0.005) |
Schiel et al. [55] | Positive correlation between copeptin and GFR both in patients with type 1 diabetes (R:0.86, P: 0.021) and in healty controls (R: 0.61, P: 0.034). | No correlation with albuminuria | 80 patients with type 1 diabetes and 61 healthy controls | In type 1 diabetic patients multivariate analyses showed that only GFR was associated with copeptin (β: 0.23, P:0.032). No independent association in healty controls |