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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by CAC change

From: Lifestyle including dietary habits and changes in coronary artery calcium score: a retrospective cohort study

 

CAC change

 

p-value

CAC change ≤ 0

CAC change > 0

Number

1,583

592

 

Age (years)a

41.6(5.6)

44.8(5.5)

<0.001

Male (%)

93.6

99.2

<0.001

BMI(kg/m2)

24.9(3.0)

25.8(3.0)

<0.001

Obesity (%)

45.4

56.9

<0.001

Current smoker (%)

33.2

35.6

0.288

Alcohol intake (%)b

32.3

40.7

<0.001

High education level (%)c

85.5

87.0

0.404

Diabetes (%)

6.3

15.0

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

20.3

33.6

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg) a

118.5(12.2)

121.3(11.9)

<0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)a

75.9(9.4)

78.1(9.5)

<0.001

Glucose (mg/dL)a

98.6(15.4)

103.9(21.9)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a

206.8(36.4)

218.6(38.0)

<0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)a

130.0(32.7)

141.1(34.2)

<0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)a

51.7(12.4)

49.3(11.1)

<0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)d

130(89–190)

153(110.5–215)

<0.001

ALT (U/l)d

25(18–37)

28(20–40)

<0.001

GTP (U/l)d

34(22–54)

40(27–65)

<0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/L) d

0.06(0.03–0.11)

0.07(0.04–0.13)

0.022

Total energy

1530.9(1055.0–1933.0)

1483.5(659.4.2–1788.9)

0.001

 Carbohydrate %

74.7(69.0–80.0)

76.0(68.6–80.3)

0.497

 Protein%

13.8(12.5–15.2)

13.9(12.6–15.0)

0.966

 Fat%

16.3(12.7–20.3)

14.9(12.3–20.2)

0.244

Physical activity (MET-min/week)

887.5 (396–1836)

1045.5 (438–1977)

0.800

Depression (CES-D score)

4 (1–9)

5 (1–9)

0.283

  1. Data are ameans (standard deviation), dmedians (interquartile range), or percentages
  2. Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; GTP, gamma glutamyl transferase
  3. b ≥20 g/day; c ≥ College graduate