Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all study subjects and a comparison between the treatment and non-treatment groups

Male sex (%)

2,099 (49.2)

767 (53.2)

1,999 (47.6)

0.051

Mean age (yr)

44.9 ± 0.3

57.5 ± 0.5

40.4 ± 0.3

<0.001

Obesity (%)

1,663 (31.7)

773 (47.5)

864 (21.1)

<0.001

Past history (%)

CVD^†

269 (3.4)

181 (8.4)

84 (1.6)

<0.001

DM

649 (9.7)

477 (26.1)

136 (3.0)

<0.001

CKD

40 (0.6)

16 (1.2)

24 (0.4)

0.006

SBP (mmHg)

117.0 ± 0.3

134.4 ± 0.6

111.0 ± 0.3

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.5 ± 0.2

83.5 ± 0.5

72.8 ± 0.2

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

188.2 ± 0.7

193.0 ± 1.2

186.7 ± 0.9

<0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

131.3 ± 2.1

170.3 ± 4.9

117.0 ± 2.0

<0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

97.1 ± 0.4

107.8 ± 1.0

93.0 ± 0.3

<0.001

Current smoking (%)

743 (20.6)

227 (18.5)

507 (21.2)

0.087

Physical activity^‡ (%)

791 (17.6)

235 (14.1)

734 (21.7)

0.001

Sleep duration (hours)

6.8 ± 0.29

6.7 ± 0.04

6.9 ± 0.03

<0.001