Table 3 Changes of hemodynamic parameters after isometric handgrip exercise

  Central HR (/min)

64.6 ± 9.1

67.6 ± 9.9*

68.6 ± 9.8*

70.7 ± 13.3*

  Central SBP (mmHg)

114.7 ± 18.1

132.0 ± 19.8*

136.1 ± 20.5*

137.0 ± 21.3*

  Central DBP (mmHg)

61.0 ± 7.7

68.4 ± 8.4*

69.5 ± 8.4*

70.1 ± 9.1*

  Central PP (mmHg)

53.7 ± 16.8

63.5 ± 17.6*

66.6 ± 19.0*

66.3 ± 20.4*

  FP (mmHg)

105.3 ± 17.3

118.4 ± 18.1*

121.9 ± 19.0*

123.5 ± 19.8*

  AP (mmHg)

9.3 ± 5.8

13.8 ± 7.0*

14.3 ± 7.7*

14.7 ± 8.3*

  AIx (%)

17.7 ± 9.7

22.1 ± 9.9*

22.0 ± 10.5*

22.3 ± 10.7*

  Peripheral SBP (mmHg)

121.9 ± 18.8

141.5 ± 24.6*

  Peripheral DBP (mmHg)

60.2 ± 8.3

64.0 ± 9.3*

  Peripheral PP (mmHg)

61.7 ± 17.8

77.5 ± 4.0*

  PWV (m/s)

10.03 ± 1.99

11.09 ± 2.45*

  Central HR (/min)

65.1 ± 10.8

69.0 ± 11.3*

70.9 ± 11.4*

72.0 ± 12.6*

  Central SBP (mmHg)

124.6 ± 23.6

138.7 ± 25.0*

141.9 ± 27.2*

142.6 ± 27.1*

  Central DBP (mmHg)

68.1 ± 13.0

75.0 ± 13.7*

76.3 ± 15.4*

76.8 ± 14.5*

  Central PP (mmHg)

56.5 ± 19.1

63.7 ± 19.9*

65.7 ± 19.9*

65.8 ± 18.8*

  FP (mmHg)

114.6 ± 22.8

125.8 ± 26.1*

128.2 ± 27.9*

129.6 ± 28.6*

  AP (mmHg)

10.0 ± 8.1

12.9 ± 10.8*

13.8 ± 10.3*

13.0 ± 9.3

  AIx (%)

16.5 ± 12.2

19.3 ± 14.3

20.4 ± 13.6*

19.9 ± 13.5

  Peripheral SBP (mmHg)

131.8 ± 22.5

141.2 ± 29.1*

  Peripheral DBP (mmHg)

66.2 ± 12.5

67.3 ± 13.1

  Peripheral PP (mmHg)

65.6 ± 19.2

73.9 ± 22.2*

  PWV (m/s)

9.82 ± 1.10

10.12 ± 1.79