Figure 2

Measurements of augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). AP and AIx were measured at the central aortic waveforms. AP was maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP) minus forward pressure (FP). AIx was defined as AP divided by pulse pressure (PP) expressed as a percentage. PWV was calculated using the ECG-gated time difference of the upstroke of the arterial waveforms between the aortic root (T_Ao) and the external iliac artery (T_IA) and the distance between them measured using a catheter.