Table 6 Differential diagnosis of uncontrolled hypertension
Diagnoses | Causes |
|---|---|
Pseudo-resistant hypertension | |
Poor compliance | |
Wrong cuff use | |
Using too small cuff | |
White coat hypertension | |
Calcified vessel in the elderly (pseudohypertension) | |
Resistant hypertension | |
Lifestyle factors: severe weight gain, heavy or binge drinking, excess salt intake | |
Medication: cold remedies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid, cyclosporine/tacrolimus, erythropoietin, cocaine, herbal licorice | |
Secondary hypertension | |
Sleep apnea syndrome | |
Volume expansion by renal diseases | |
Vascular damage or stiffness | |
Prescription of antihypertensive drugs: insufficient dose, wrong use of diuretics, ineffective combination, drug interaction |