Table 1 Major observational studies evaluating the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular events through 24-hour urinary sodium excretion
From: Effect of low sodium and high potassium diet on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular events
Study (year) | Population | Estimation of sodium intake | Follow-up (years) | Outcomes | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stolarz-Skrzypek et al. (2011) | 3681 participants without CVD | 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 7.9 | CV death | Weak inverse association | [109] |
Thomas et al. (2011) | 2807 participants with type 1 DM | 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 10.0 | All-cause death | J-curve association | [110] |
PREVEND (2014) | 7543 participants without CVD | 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 10.5 | Coronary heart disease events | No association | [111] |
Singer et al. (2015) | 3505 participants with HTN | 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 18.6 | CV death and all-cause death | Direct association with all-cause death | [112] |
Mills et al. (2016) | 3757 participants with CKD | Multiple 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 6.8 | Composite of CVD events | Linear association | [95] |
Vuori et al. (2020) | 4630 general population | 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 14.0 | Composite of CVD events | Direct association | [113] |
TOHP I and II (2016) | 3011 participants with prehypertension | Multiple 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 23.9 and 18.8 | All-cause death | Linear association | [79] |
Meta-analysis of HPFS, NHS I, NHS II, PREVEND, TOHP I, and TOHP II (2022) | 10709 general population | Multiple 24-hour urinary sodium excretion | 8.8 | Composite of CVD events | Linear association | [93] |