Table 2 Clinical characteristics according to the nocturnal dipping pattern in hypertensive patients

Age (years)

51.02 ± 13.11^a

52.95 ± 13.27^a

54.22 ± 14.17

58.13 ± 14.71

0.004

Female (%)

17 (29.3)

114 (41.2)

168 (51.7)

52 (52.0)

0.002

Regular physical activity (%)

23 (39.7)

102 (36.8)

112 (34.5)

39 (39.0)

0.776

Body mass index, (kg/m²)

25.42 ± 3.04^a

24.80 ± 3.18^a

24.90 ± 3.40^a

24.75 ± 3.81

0.613

 Obesity (%)^d

29 (50.0)

125 (45.1)

142 (43.7)

41 (41.0)

0.722

Current smoking (%)

14 (24.1)

50 (18.1)

49 (15.1)

9 (9.0)

0.056

Alcohol drinking (%)

30 (51.7)

116 (41.9)

124 (38.2)

32 (32.0)

0.077

Taking antihypertensive drugs (%)

38 (65.5)

147 (53.1)

155 (47.7)

61 (61.0)

0.02

Comorbidities (%)

 Diabetes mellitus

10 (17.2)

63 (22.7)

71 (21.8)

26 (26.0)

0.634

 Dyslipidemia

20 (34.5)

103 (37.2)

111 (34.2)

43 (43.0)

0.431

 Cardiovascular diseases^e

9 (15.5)

49 (17.7)

42 (12.9)

20 (20.0)

0.251

 Myocardial infarction

6 (10.3)

8 (2.9)

8 (2.5)

3 (3.1)

0.02

 Coronary artery disease

8 (13.8)

39 (14.1)

33 (10.2)

10 (10.0)

0.431

 Stroke

0 (0.0)

9 (3.3)

5 (1.5)

13 (13.1)

< 0.001

Laboratory tests

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

103.41 ± 21.45

104.74 ± 23.95

106.22 ± 27.22

107.22 ± 25.46

0.719

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

194.41 ± 44.00

189.81 ± 43.10

191.22 ± 40.95

182.00 ± 46.37

0.225

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

84.27 ± 16.43

83.38 ± 20.40

83.98 ± 20.78

77.88 ± 28.86

0.088

  eGFR < 60 (%)

2 (3.4)

20 (7.2)

28 (8.6)

19 (19.0)

0.002

Office BP

 Office SBP (mmHg)

145.16 ± 16.69

147.27 ± 18.35

147.98 ± 20.91

146.01 ± 26.01

0.711

 Office DBP (mmHg)

95.08 ± 13.93

92.62 ± 14.10

91.64 ± 14.10

90.59 ± 17.22

0.243

Heart rate (beats/min)

77.05 ± 13.12

76.09 ± 12.78

77.61 ± 14.68

76.79 ± 16.48

0.626

Ambulatory BP monitoring

 24-h mean SBP (mmHg)

130.71 ± 12.40^ab

133.50 ± 14.08^ab

137.69 ± 14.53

139.86 ± 20.00

< 0.001

 24-h mean DBP (mmHg)

82.41 ± 10.18

84.23 ± 10.18

86.32 ± 11.05

85.48 ± 11.77

0.022

 Daytime mean SBP (mmHg)

142.01 ± 13.59

139.88 ± 14.82

140.21 ± 14.92

138.02 ± 19.73

0.446

 Daytime mean DBP (mmHg)

89.36 ± 11.80

88.66 ± 10.81

88.35 ± 11.57

85.11 ± 11.84

0.037

 Nighttime mean SBP (mmHg)

108.63 ± 10.90^abc

119.80 ± 12.94^ab

132.35 ± 14.18^a

144.20 ± 21.41

< 0.001

 Nighttime mean DBP (mmHg)

68.65 ± 7.92^abc

74.76 ± 9.44^ab

82.01 ± 10.72^a

86.44 ± 12.27

< 0.001

 Nighttime SBP dipping (%)

23.49 ± 2.68^abc

14.33 ± 2.68^ab

5.57 ± 2.66^a

-4.47 ± 3.48

< 0.001

Sleep duration (min)

433.33 ± 75.55

429.65 ± 123.19

433.71 ± 101.10

421.98 ± 127.04

0.825

Sleep quality

0.001

 4 (very good) (%)

13 (22.4)

72 (26.0)

80 (24.6)

15 (15.0)

 3 (good) (%)

20 (34.5)

93 (33.6)

94 (28.9)

27 (27.0)

 2 (bad) (%)

14 (24.1)

92 (33.2)

90 (27.7)

35 (35.0)

 1 (very bad) (%)

11 (19.0)

20 (7.2)

61 (18.8)

23 (23.0)