Table 1 Clinical characteristics according to the hypertension status and antihypertensive medication status

Age (years)

53.87 ± 14.02

53.3 ± 14.3^ab

50.2 ± 14.0^a

57.5 ± 13.0

< 0.001

Female (%)

462 (47.1)

111 (50.2)

159 (44.3)

192 (47.9)

0.349

Regular physical activity (%)

353 (36.0)

77 (34.8)

132 (36.8)

144 (35.9)

0.895

Body mass index, (kg/m²)

24.68 ± 3.30

24.0 ± 3.0^ab

24.8 ± 3.1

25.0 ± 3.5

0.001

 Obesity (%)^c

412 (42.0)

75 (33.9)

156 (43.5)

181 (45.1)

0.02

Current smoking (%)

152 (15.5)

30 (13.6)

69 (19.2)

53 (13.2)

0.049

Alcohol drinking (%)

382 (38.9)

80 (36.2)

152 (42.3)

150 (37.4)

0.242

Comorbidities (%)

 Diabetes mellitus

199 (20.3)

29 (13.1)

54 (15.0)

116 (28.9)

< 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

320 (32.6)

43 (19.5)

76 (21.2)

201 (50.1)

< 0.001

 Cardiovascular diseases^d

120 (12.2)

0 (0.0)

11 (3.1)

109 (27.2)

< 0.001

 Myocardial infarction

25 (2.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

24 (6.1)

< 0.001

 Coronary artery disease

90 (9.2)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.1)

86 (21.4)

< 0.001

 Stroke

27 (2.8)

0 (0.0)

6 (1.7)

21 (5.3)

< 0.001

Laboratory tests

 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

105.43 ± 25.51

104.62 ± 26.0

102.89 ± 21.86^a

108.03 ± 28.00

0.019

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

189.75 ± 42.65

189.77 ± 42.38

196.83 ± 41.07^a

183.39 ± 43.28

< 0.001

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

83.85 ± 20.91

86.83 ± 17.91^a

88.98 ± 20.42^a

77.61 ± 21.32

< 0.001

  eGFR < 60 (%)

83 ± 8.5

14 (6.3)

12 (3.3)

57 (14.2)

< 0.001

Office BP

 Office SBP (mmHg)

141.67 ± 21.51

122.48 ± 11.75^ab

149.19 ± 18.83^a

145.51 ± 21.71

< 0.001

 Office DBP (mmHg)

88.59 ± 14.95

76.43 ± 8.62^ab

94.16 ± 13.32^a

90.30 ± 15.35

< 0.001

Heart rate (beats/min)

76.38 ± 13.91

74.23 ± 12.74^b

78.21 ± 14.93^a

75.74 ± 13.31

0.003

Ambulatory BP monitoring

 24-h mean SBP (mmHg)

133.56 ± 15.44

125.46 ± 13.09^ab

136.99 ± 14.76

134.95 ± 15.69

< 0.001

 24-h mean DBP (mmHg)

83.67 ± 10.87

78.57 ± 9.41^ab

87.39 ± 11.19^a

83.15 ± 10.09

< 0.001

 Daytime mean SBP (mmHg)

137.37 ± 15.81

128.56 ± 13.55^ab

141.00 ± 15.03

138.98 ± 15.87

< 0.001

 Daytime mean DBP (mmHg)

86.49 ± 11.49

80.91 ± 10.00^ab

90.52 ± 11.86^a

85.96 ± 10.52

< 0.001

 Nighttime mean SBP (mmHg)

125.62 ± 17.35

119.07 ± 14.58^ab

128.56 ± 16.51

126.60 ± 18.56

< 0.001

 Nighttime mean DBP (mmHg)

77.79 ± 11.31

73.88 ± 9.75^ab

80.83 ± 11.46^a

77.24 ± 11.24

< 0.001

 Nighttime SBP dipping (%)

8.46 ± 7.89

7.24 ± 7.60^a

8.75 ± 7.32

8.86 ± 8.47

0.034

 Nocturnal dipping pattern (%)

  Extreme dipper

63 (6.4)

5 (2.3)

20 (5.6)

38 (9.5)

0.001

  Dipper

349 (35.6)

72 (32.6)

130 (36.2)

147 (36.7)

0.567

  Non-dipper

433 (44.1)

108 (48.9)

170 (47.4)

155 (38.7)

0.015

  Reverse dipper

136 (13.9)

36 (16.3)

39 (10.9)

61 (15.2)

0.11

Sleep duration (min)

431.99 ± 107.61

436.62 ± 93.03

433.09 ± 96.84

428.46 ± 123.27

0.646

Sleep quality

0.899

 4 (very good) (%)

237 (24.2)

57 (25.8)

80 (22.3)

100 (24.9)

 3 (good) (%)

298 (30.4)

64 (29.0)

109 (30.4)

125 (31.2)

 2 (bad) (%)

294 (30.0)

63 (28.5)

115 (32.0)

116 (28.9)

 1 (very bad) (%)

152 (15.5)

37 (16.7)

55 (15.3)

60 (15.0)