Variable | Tertile 1a | Tertile 2a | Tertile 3a | P-valueb |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (yr) | 41.6 (0.3) | 37.5 (0.3) | 33.7 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
Mexican American | 672 (19.6%) | 357 (10.9%) | 171 (5.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Other Hispanic | 295 (8.7%) | 274 (7.8%) | 219 (6.3%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 734 (56.5%) | 857 (61.3%) | 1037 (66.6%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 199 (4.6%) | 395 (8.5%) | 735 (14.4%) | |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 417 (7.2%) | 450 (7.5%) | 301 (4.6%) | |
Other race | 87 (3.3%) | 119 (4.0%) | 92 (3.1%) | |
Poverty-income ratio | 2.9 (0.06) | 3.0 (0.06) | 3.0 (0.08) | 0.1095 |
Education level | ||||
< High school | 1300 (62.1%) | 1552 (66.9%) | 1706 (71.8%) | < 0.0001 |
High school | 514 (21.2%) | 519 (21.3%) | 540 (19.5%) | |
> High school | 590 (16.7%) | 381 (11.8%) | 309 (8.7%) | |
Sociobehavioral factors | ||||
Smoking statusc | ||||
Low/none | 829 (37.4%) | 746 (33.6%) | 672 (32.4%) | 0.0070 |
Moderate | 972 (36.4%) | 1047 (40.5%) | 1032 (37.7%) | |
High | 603 (26.2%) | 659 (26.0%) | 847 (29.9%) | |
Alcohol consumption (drinks/day) | 3.3 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.3) | 3.1 (0.2) | 0.7734 |
Examination measurements | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.6 (0.2) | 28.0 (0.2) | 25.5 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 103.4 (0.4) | 95.8 (0.4) | 87.7 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
Truncal fat percent (%) | 34.9 (0.2) | 31.6 (0.2) | 26.9 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
% Total fat in lower extremitiesd | 30.3 (0.1) | 36.1 (0.1) | 42.2 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Leg lean mass/fat mass ratiod | 2.1 (0.03) | 2.0 (0.03) | 1.9 (0.02) | < 0.0001 |
% Fat in total leg massd | 33.4 (0.3) | 35.3 (0.3) | 35.9 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
Average leg area (cm2) | 365.8 (1.4) | 371.7 (1.2) | 376.9 (1.3) | < 0.0001 |
Upper leg length (cm) | 38.7 (0.1) | 39.9 (0.1) | 40.6 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
% Total fat in upper extremities | 12.4 (0.04) | 12.0 (0.04) | 11.7 (0.04) | < 0.0001 |
Arm lean mass/fat mass ratio | 2.1 (0.03) | 2.3 (0.03) | 2.5 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
% Fat in total arm mass | 35.0 (0.3) | 33.3 (0.3) | 30.8 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
Average arm area (cm2) | 233.0 (1.1) | 232.2 (0.9) | 231.4 (0.9) | 0.5127 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 73.7 (0.4) | 73.1 (0.3) | 71.6 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 120.3 (0.4) | 116.0 (0.3) | 113.7 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 73.7 (0.3) | 70.7 (0.3) | 68.1 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 46.6 (0.4) | 45.3 (0.4) | 45.6 (0.4) | 0.031 |
Average maximum SBP (mmHg) | 123.2 (0.4) | 118.8 (0.3) | 116.5 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
Maximum – minimum SBP (mmHg) | 5.8 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) | 0.18 |
Maximum – minimum DBP (mmHg) | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.2) | 0.027 |
Laboratory measurements | ||||
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 109.2 (0.9) | 97.6 (0.6) | 94.8 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.7 (0.03) | 5.4 (0.01) | 5.2 (0.01) | < 0.0001 |
Serum insulin (uU/mL) | 16.1 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.4) | 8.0 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
Serum HDL (mg/dL) | 47.7 (0.4) | 53.6 (0.5) | 58.8 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
Serum LDL (mg/dL) | 123.6 (2.5) | 116.3 (1.8) | 106.0 (1.7) | < 0.0001 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 197.0 (4.0) | 134.3 (2.5) | 98.6 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 29.9 (0.5) | 24.9 (0.5) | 20.9 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
AST (IU/L) | 26.1 (0.5) | 24.2 (0.3) | 23.0 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.29 (0.01) | 4.33 (0.01) | 4.39 (0.01) | < 0.0001 |
Serum creatinine | 0.83 (0.01) | 0.85 (0.01) | 0.85 (0.01) | 0.0006 |
Serum creatine phosphokinase | 152.2 (5.0) | 159.1 (6.8) | 157.5 (5.2) | 0.6855 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Impaired glucose tolerancee | 1138 (43.3%) | 751 (24.6%) | 516 (16.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1258 (53.1%) | 753 (30.5%) | 381 (14.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Anti-diabetes medication use | 148 (4.5%) | 32 (0.8%) | 10 (0.3%) | < 0.0001 |
Cholesterol medication use | 161 (7.7%) | 74 (3.6%) | 29 (1.6%) | < 0.0001 |
HOMA-IRf | 474 (54.5%) | 271 (27.5%) | 144 (13.8%) | < 0.0001 |