From: Role of strain echocardiography in patients with hypertension
Reference | Study subject | Method | Parameter | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients with normal geometry | ||||
 Imbalzano et al. [42] (2011) | 51 patients with hypertension (mean age 56.5 ± 14 years, 65% males) and 51 controls | 2D-STE | LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and twist | LV systolic longitudinal strain was impaired in hypertension patients, including those without LVH. In the patients with LVH, radial strain was reduced, and circumferential strain and twist were increased |
 Kang et al. [43] (2008) | 56 patients with hypertension (mean age 48 ± 11 years, 61% males) and 20 age-matched controls | 2D-STE | LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate, and basal-to-apical torsion | Longitudinal strain was significantly decreased, and basal-to-apical torsion was increased in patient with hypertension and normal EF. Longitudinal and basal-to-apical torsion independently correlated with the serum TIMP-1 level |
Patients with LVH | ||||
 Mizuguchi et al. [44] (2010) | 98 patients with hypertension (25% concentric LVH, 43% eccentric LVH) and 22 age-matched controls | 2D-STE | LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate | The systolic LV myocardial deformation was impaired in all the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions in patients with hypertension and concentric LVH. The mean peak systolic circumferential strain was an independent predictor related to LVEF |
 Saito et al. [39] (2016) | 388 patients with hypertension and abnormal LV geometry (31% concentric LVH, 22% eccentric LVH, 47% concentric remodeling) | 2D-STE | LVGLS and GCS | GLS and its deterioration (> 16%) are related with MACE in asymptomatic hypertensive heart disease, and was very useful for predicting risk of MACE |
 Lee et al. [45] (2016) | 95 patients with hypertension (mean age 65.5 ± 12.0 years, 60% males) | 2D-STE | LVGLS of subendocardium, subepicardium | Longitudinal strain of the subepicardial myocardium (> 17.6%) was the only independent prognostic factor in regularly treated hypertensive patients |
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction | ||||
 Mu et.al [46]. (2010) | 75 patients with hypertension and normal LV geometry (mean age 48 ± 11 years, 61% males) and 50 controls | 2D-STE | LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain rate, and torsion rate | Reduced longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain rate, increased rotation rate, and extension of untwisting half-time are the sensitive indicators to diagnosis hypertensive patients with early LV diastolic dysfunction |
 Soufi Taleb Bendiab et al. [40] (2017) | 200 patients with hypertension and normal LVEF (mean age 61.7 ± 9.7 years, 68% LVH) | 2D-STE | LVGLS | Reduced GLS (> − 17.6%) is associated with long-lasting, uncontrolled hypertension, overweight, diabetes, related metabolic changes, and is more pronounced in patients with LVH |
 Mizuguchi et al. [47] (2008) | 70 patients with normal EF and cardiovascular risk factors and 30 age-matched controls | 2D-STE | LV longitudinal, circumferential, radial strain and strain rate, and torsion | The mean peak systolic and early diastolic longitudinal strain and strain rate were lower in the E/A < 1 group. LV myocardial contraction and relaxation were first impaired in the longitudinal direction |
Left atrial function | ||||
 Salas Pacheco et al. [48] (2019) | 50 patients with hypertension and 80 healthy volunteers | 2D-STE | LA reservoir, contraction, conduit strain, and LVGLS | LA strain of pump and reservoir phases, and LA independent strain were lower in hypertensive patients. LA independent strain only correlated with minimum LA volume, and can identify atrial myocyte contractile dysfunction |
Right ventricular function | ||||
 Pedrinelli et al. [49] (2010) | 89 patients with office BP varying from the optimal to mildly hypertensive range | 2D-STE | RV longitudinal peak strain and strain rate | RV peak systolic strain and early diastolic strain rate reduced in the mid-tertile of BP distribution. RV systolic and diastolic strain indices correlated inversely with increasing septal thickness. |
 Tumuklu et al. [50] (2007) | 35 patients with hypertension and 30 age-and sex-matched controls | 2D-STE | RV longitudinal peak strain and strain rate | RV peak systolic strain was significantly lower in hypertension patients with and without LVH in comparison with normotensive controls |
 Tadic et al. [51] (2014) | 59 untreated hypertension patients, 62 well-controlled hypertension, 58 treated but uncontrolled hypertension patients, and 55 age-and sex-matched controls | 2D-STE | RVGLS and strain rate | RVGLS was significantly decreased in untreated and uncontrolled hypertension patients comparing with controls and well controlled participants. RVGLS and 3D RV stroke volume were independently associated with peak oxygen uptake. |