Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with resistant and nonresistant hypertension
Characteristics | Resistant (N = 244) | Nonresistant (N = 2844) | P-value | Total (N = 3088) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 64.7 ± 12.7 | 64.3 ± 11.2 | 0.621 | 64.3 ± 11.3 |
Male, n (%) | 135 (55.3) | 1355 (47.6) | 0.021 | 1490 (48.3) |
Average systolic BP, mmHg | 146.6 ± 15.6 | 130.4 ± 14.5 | <0.001 | 131.7 ± 15.2 |
Average diastolic BP, mmHg | 83.9 ± 11.4 | 79.0 ± 9.7 | <0.001 | 79.4 ± 10.0 |
Waist, cm | 91.4 ± 9.2 | 88.3 ± 8.9 | <0.001 | 88.5 ± 9.0 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 163 (66.8) | 1584 (55.7) | 0.001 | 1747 (56.6) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 25.1 ± 3.2 |
Smoking | 0.004c | |||
Current smoker, n (%) | 62 (25.4) | 491 (17.3) | 0.001b | 553 (17.9) |
Ex-smoker, n (%) | 58 (23.8) | 668 (23.5) | 726 (23.5) | |
None, n (%) | 124 (50.8) | 1685 (59.2) | 1809 (58.6) | |
Diabetes and prediabetes | 0.046c | |||
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 86 (35.2) | 825 (29.0) | 0.04b | 911 (29.5) |
Impaired fasting glucose, n (%) | 112 (45.9) | 1391 (48.9) | 1503 (48.7) | |
Non-diabetes, n (%) | 46 (18.9) | 628 (22.1) | 674 (21.8) | |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 112.2 ± 2.4 | 106.9 ± 0.7 | 0.031 | 107.3 ± 36.8 |
HbA1c, % | 6.31 ± 1.06 | 6.15 ± 0.95 | 0.017 | 6.16 ± 0.96 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.09 ± 0.26 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | <0.001 | 1.03 ± 0.25 |
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 66.6 ± 17.5 | 69.3 ± 15.7 | 0.02 | 69.1 ± 15.8 |
< 60, n (%) | 77 (32.1) | 621 (22.2) | <0.001 | 698 (23.0) |
Albumin:creatinine ratio, mg/g | 82.0 ± 424.2 | 53.2 ± 240.8 | 0.296 | 55.5 ± 260.0 |
< 30, n (%) | 177 (72.5) | 2179 (76.6) | 2356 (76.3) | |
30–300, n (%) | 56 (23.0) | 567 (19.9) | 623 (20.2) | |
> 300, n (%) | 11 (4.5) | 98 (3.4) | 109 (3.5) | |
LVH on ECG, n (%) | 21 (8.7) | 110 (3.9) | <0.001 | 131 (4.2) c |
Lipid profiles | ||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 182.5 ± 36.7 | 183.1 ± 36.2 | 0.812 | 183.0 ± 36.2 |
LDL, mg/dL | 103.1 ± 33.5 | 105.7 ± 32.5 | 0.243 | 105.5 ± 32.6 |
HDL, mg/dL | 44.9 ± 11.1 | 46.9 ± 12.2 | 0.014 | 46.7 ± 12.2 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 191.6 ± 144.1 | 162.3 ± 100.1 | 0.002 | 164.6 ± 104.5 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 48 (19.7) | 645 (22.7) | 0.28 | 693 (22.4) |
Total number of classes of medications | 3.34 ± 0.48 | 1.71 ± 0.70 | <0.000 | 1.84 ± 0.82 |
Baseline antihypertensive medications | ||||
Diuretics, n (%) | 242 (99.2) | 907 (31.9) | <0.001 | 1149 (37.2) |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 213 (87.3) | 1533 (53.9) | <0.001 | 1746 (56.5) |
ACE inhibitor/ARB, n (%) | 237 (97.1) | 1926 (67.7) | <0.001 | 2163 (70.0) |
β-blocker, n (%) | 118 (48.4) | 480 (16.9) | <0.001 | 598 (19.2) |
α-blocker, n (%) | 4 (1.6) | 8 (0.2) | 0.005a | 10 (0.3) |
Central acting drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Direct vasodilator | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.1) | 0.034a | 4 (0.1) |
Comorbidities | ||||
Stroke, n (%) | 16 (6.6) | 118 (4.1) | 0.076 | 134 (4.3) |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 43 (17.6) | 306 (10.8) | 0.001 | 350 (11.3) |
Renal disease, n (%) | 11 (4.5) | 121 (4.3) | 0.851 | 132 (4.2) |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 16 (6.6) | 119 (4.2) | 0.082 | 136 (4.4) |